Mandatory urban rainwater harvesting: learning from experience

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1200-1207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Gabe ◽  
Sam Trowsdale ◽  
Diveshkumar Mistry
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Marginal Utility ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Learning From Experience ◽  
End User ◽  
User Perspective ◽  
The Social ◽  
Semistructured Interviews

Rainwater harvesting is effectively mandated in several urban areas of New Zealand. To understand the costs and benefits of rainwater harvesting from an end-user perspective, semistructured interviews were conducted with 14 homeowners in northern Auckland affected by these regulations. Residents report differences in four aspects of urban rainwater infrastructure – security of supply, water quality, the learning process and financial costs – that could represent key values for public acceptance. When responses are examined from the perspective of experience that has built empirical knowledge, participants explained how their satisfaction with rainwater harvesting increased over time. We hypothesise that for those lacking experience, urban rainwater consumption is a function of empirical knowledge and has initially rising marginal utility. Regulation that recognises the costs of social learning is likely to be a more effective pathway towards maximising the social benefits associated with integrated urban water management.

scholarly journals Green Water from Green Roofs—The Ecological and Economic Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 2403
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Bus ◽  
Anna Szelągowska
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
The Social

Green roofs (GRs) have been one of the most popular solutions for water harvesting in urban areas. Apart from their water retention role and increasing biodiversity, they constitute the missing link between the built and the natural environment, which is required for sustainable human living in cities. This paper aims to calculate the ecological (EE) and economic effect (EcE) of water harvesting via GRs, by contrasting with a traditional roof, and to perform an economic analysis of the social cost benefits that GRs generate during their life cycle, using the Net Present Value (NPV) method. All the calculations and analyses were conducted for both intensive and extensive GRs in 11 of the largest municipalities in Poland, with a population of >250,000 inhabitants. According to the results of this study, water retention and the economic and ecological effects of GRs are highest in the municipalities with the highest assumed number of GRs (Warsaw, Krakow, Wroclaw, and Szczecin). The average EE and EcE equals 507,000 m3/yr and 621,000 USD/yr. The NPV results show that the effectiveness of investments in intensive GRs is, to a certain extent, more significant than in extensive GRs and the average equals 60.77 and 4.47 USD/yr for intensive and extensive GRs, respectively. The results could serve as a reference for the evaluation and optimization of the energy efficiency of rainwater harvesting schemes, in European cities.

A Non-Economic Model of the Social Value of Network Policy

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong-Hee Shin
Keyword(s):  
Market Dynamics ◽  
Net Neutrality ◽  
User Perception ◽  
End User ◽  
Policy Effectiveness ◽  
User Perspective ◽  
The Public ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Social ◽  
Value Model

To understand market dynamics relating to net neutrality better, in particular from the end-user perspective, this study examines consumer perception of neutrality and the public value under debate within the neutrality discussions. Focusing on the user perspective, it analyzes the policy effectiveness of current net neutrality by analyzing user perception and opinion. A value model is proposed to empirically test the policy effectiveness by incorporating factors representing net neutrality. The factors are drawn from people's perceived concepts of net neutrality. The findings show that while competition and regulation are the two main factors constituting net neutrality, each of them influences the formation of attitude toward policy effectiveness differently. This study contributes to policymakers by increasing an understanding of market dynamics relating to net neutrality, in particular from the end-user perspective.

On Measuring the Social Opportunity Cost of Labour in the Presence of Tariffs and an Informal Sector (The Distinguishedl Lecture)

1992 ◽  
Vol 31 (4I) ◽  
pp. 535-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ali Khan
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Open Letter ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Action Project ◽  
Relevant Group ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
The Individual

Harberger introduced his influential 1971 essay with the following words. This paper is intended not as a scientific study, nor as a review of the literature, but rather as a tract - an open letter to the profession, as it were - pleading that three basic postulates be accepted as providing a conventional framework for applied welfare economics. The postulates are: (a) The competitive demand price for a given unit measures the value of that unit to the demander; (b) The competitive supply price for a given unit measures the value of that unit to the supplier; and (c) When evaluating the net benefits or costs of a given action (project, programme, or policy), the costs and benefits accruing to each member of the relevant group (e.g., a nation) should normally be added without regard to the individual(s) to whom they accrue.

Heterogeneous Mental Health Consequences of COVID-19: Costs and Benefits

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony D Mancini
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Substantial Variation ◽  
Mental Health Functioning ◽  
Health Functioning ◽  
The Social ◽  
Mental Health Costs ◽  
Long Term Impact

In this commentary, I argue that the mental health impact of COVID-19 will show substantial variation across individuals, contexts, and time. Further, one key contributor to this variation will be the proximal and long-term impact of COVID-19 on the social environment. In addition to the mental health costs of the pandemic, it is likely that a subset of people will experience improved social and mental health functioning.

PENGARUH PERUBAHAN JUMLAH PENDUDUK TERHADAP KUALITAS AIR DI INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-215
Author(s):  
Nur Afiyah Maizunati ◽  
Mohamad Zaenal Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Growth Control ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
The Social

Ongoing population growth and urbanization can cause pressure on water systems, especially in urban areas. Several previous studies have found evidence of an influence between population and water quality. However, the phenomenon in Indonesia is slightly different, because although population growth has decreased trend, but the acquisition of water quality index still fluctuate in several years. This study aims to determine the significance influence of population on water quality in Indonesia. Data analysis is done through regression of panel data of 33 provinces with fixed effect model, The results showed that the population has a negative influence on water quality in Indonesia. An increase on population by 1,000 people tends to lower the water quality index by an average of 1.13 points (cateris paribus). Population growth control becomes absolute and priority in Indonesia. However, these efforts need to be accompanied by continuous improvement of competence and welfare, so that the social awareness and economic capacity of each population are increased in order to achieve a better maintenance on the quality of the environment.

The Catholic Diaspora—Experiences of Evacuation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
Catholic Clergy ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
The Social ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Nazi Era ◽  
Mass Evacuation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pastoral Practice

This chapter analyses the impact exerted on the Catholic Church’s pastoral networks in Germany by the mass evacuation of laypeople from bombed urban areas as of 1941. Drawing on the voluminous correspondence of priests and curates despatched from the Rhineland and Westphalia to Saxony, Thuringia, Silesia, Austria, and elsewhere to minister to Catholic evacuees, this chapter provides in-depth analysis of the social and cultural histories of religious practice in wartime Germany. It demonstrates that the evacuation of laypeople—a topic long neglected within histories of wartime religious practice—exerted a profound influence on pastoral practice by the years 1943–5, placing unprecedented pressures on the Catholic clergy of the dioceses central to this study (Aachen, Cologne and Münster). This chapter therefore also casts new light on regionalism in Germany during the Nazi era.

scholarly journals Understanding policing demand and deployment through the lens of the city and with the application of big data

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802098100
Author(s):  
Mark Ellison ◽  
Jon Bannister ◽  
Won Do Lee ◽  
Muhammad Salman Haleem
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multilevel Model ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Criminological Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Generalised Method Of Moments ◽  
The City

The effective, efficient and equitable policing of urban areas rests on an appreciation of the qualities and scale of, as well as the factors shaping, demand. It also requires an appreciation of the factors shaping the resources deployed in their address. To this end, this article probes the extent to which policing demand (crime, anti-social behaviour, public safety and welfare) and deployment (front-line resource) are similarly conditioned by the social and physical urban environment, and by incident complexity. The prospect of exploring policing demand, deployment and their interplay is opened through the utilisation of big data and artificial intelligence and their integration with administrative and open data sources in a generalised method of moments (GMM) multilevel model. The research finds that policing demand and deployment hold varying and time-sensitive association with features of the urban environment. Moreover, we find that the complexities embedded in policing demands serve to shape both the cumulative and marginal resources expended in their address. Beyond their substantive policy relevance, these findings serve to open new avenues for urban criminological research centred on the consideration of the interplay between policing demand and deployment.

Civic Participation and Social Embeddedness: Differences Between Urban and Rural Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-67
Author(s):  
Tuuli-Marja Kleiner
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Civic Participation ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Social Embeddedness ◽  
The Social ◽  
Multi Level

Does civic participation lead to a large social network? This study claims that high levels of civic participation may obstruct individual social embeddedness. Using survey data from the German Survey on Volunteering (Deutscher Freiwilligensurvey; 1999–2009), this study conducts macro- as well as multi-level regressions to examine the link between civic participation and social embeddedness. Findings reveal that civic participation on the sub-national regional level is not generally associated with social embeddedness, but it affects the participants’ and non-participants’ possibilities for friendships differently. This holds especially true in urban areas, but the effect cannot be found in rural areas. The analysis has implications for further research to enhance the social embeddedness of the excluded.

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