Modeling low impact development potential with hydrological response units

2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (11) ◽  
pp. 2382-2390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Eric ◽  
Celia Fan ◽  
Darko Joksimovic ◽  
James Y. Li
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
Hydrological Response ◽  
Performance Curves ◽  
Hydrological Response Unit ◽  
Management Techniques

Evaluations of benefits of implementing low impact development (LID) stormwater management techniques can extend up to a watershed scale. This presents a challenge for representing them in watershed models, since they are typically orders of magnitude smaller in size. This paper presents an approach that is focused on trying to evaluate the benefits of implementing LIDs on a lot level. The methodology uses the concept of urban hydrological response Unit and results in developing and applying performance curves that are a function of lot properties to estimate the potential benefit of large-scale LID implementation. Lot properties are determined using a municipal geographic information system database and processed to determine groups of lots with similar properties. A representative lot from each group is modeled over a typical rainfall year using USEPA Stormwater Management Model to develop performance functions that relate the lot properties and the change in annual runoff volume and corresponding phosphorus loading with different LIDs implemented. The results of applying performance functions on all urban areas provide the potential locations, benefit and cost of implementation of all LID techniques, guiding future decisions for LID implementation by watershed area municipalities.

Modeling of Low Impact Development Nutrient Reduction Performance in the Lake Simcoe Watershed

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Li
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Unit Response ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Nutrient Reduction ◽  
Average Annual Runoff ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Lake Simcoe

<p>Stormwater quality management has evolved from traditional centralized downstream control devices (e.g. ponds and wetlands) to distributed low impact development practices (LID) at the source (e.g. bioretention, porous pavement, greenroof).  In order to develop master LID plans for municipalities in the Lake Simcoe watershed (3576 km<sup>2</sup>), a new modeling approach was developed.  The challenge of modeling small scale LID practices over a watershed scale was resolved using unit response functions (URF) of different types of LID.  The concept of URF is based on the linear assumption of LID performance on a watershed level where routing is not important.  Detailed URF of runoff and nutrient reduction were developed on a lot level using US EPA SWMM models and linked with lot level characteristics such as imperviousness percentage.  The process of modeling include: (1) screening of appropriate LID across the watershed based on identification of unsuitable areas (e.g. wellhead protection area, NaCl concentration, industrial land use) and prioritization suitable lots which maximize environmental benefits and demonstration potential; (2) development of hydrological unit response functions of each type of LID (i.e. average annual runoff and nutrient loading reduction) using US EPA SWMM models; (3) aggregation of the cumulative runoff and nutrient reduction of all appropriate LID at each municipalities; (4) cost-effective analysis of different combinations of LID (i.e. Pareto front); (5) recommendation of the preferred LID combinations for each municipal within the watershed .  Results of the modeling indicate that (1) the average annual runoff volume reduction of implementing LID for the uncontrolled urban areas in Lake Simcoe watershed is estimated to be between 20% and 33%; and (2) the average annual phosphorus reduction of implementing LID for the uncontrolled urban areas in Lake Simcoe watershed is estimated to be between 2.0 to 2.7 tonnes per year.  This study has demonstrated a new modeling approach of small scale LID over watershed scales. </p>

scholarly journals Assessment on the Effectiveness of Urban Stormwater Management

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yixin Zhang ◽  
Weihan Zhao ◽  
Xue Chen ◽  
Changhyun Jun ◽  
Jianli Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Urban Resilience ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Global Issues

Stormwater management is a key urban issue in the world, in line with the global issues of urban sprawl and climate change. It is urgent to investigate the effectiveness in managing stormwater with different strategies for maintain urban resilience. A method based on a storm water management model (SWMM) was developed for assessing the control of stormwater runoff volume and the percentage removal of suspended solids by implementing a Sponge City strategy. An interdisciplinary approach was adopted incorporating Low Impact Development (LID) with urban Green Infrastructure and Gray Infrastructure paradigms in a typical old residential community in Suzhou, China. Four types of sponge facilities for reducing stormwater runoff were bio-retention cells, permeable pavements, grassed pitches, and stormwater gardens. The simulation results indicate that the stormwater pipe system can meet the management standard for storms with a five-year recurrence interval. The volume capture ratio of annual runoff is 91% and the reduction rate of suspended solids is 56%. This study demonstrates that Sponge City strategy is an effective approach for managing stormwater, particularly in old and densely populated urban areas. Implementing spongy facilities with a LID strategy for stormwater management can significantly enhance urban water resilience and increase ecosystem services.

scholarly journals Modelling Low Impact Development Potential With Urban Hydrological Response Units

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marija Eric
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Analysis Procedure ◽  
Hydrological Response ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hydrological Response Unit ◽  
Final Cluster

The purpose of this thesis is to develop a methodology for hydrological modelling the performance of Low Impact Development technologies using an Urban Hydrological Response Unit approach. The K-Means Cluster Analysis procedure was carried out to create clusters of lot parcels which represented the Urban Hydrological Response Units. Different sampling methods were used to select lots from each of the clusters to model before and after Low Impact Development implementation. The runoff response (m3) of an approximate final cluster centre was used to calculate the total runoff (m3) of each cluster. After adding the total runoff (m3) for a group of 15 clusters, the benchmark runoff value (m3) from modelling all lots was closely approached with and without Low Impact Development. A random sample of 7 % and 90 % of lots from each cluster for a group of three clusters closely approached the benchmark runoff value (m3) for both no Low Impact Development and Low Impact Development respectively.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Impact of Residential Urban Patterns of Different Hillslopes on Urban Drainage Systems and Ecosystem Services in the Federal District, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 5859
Author(s):  
Leticia Karine Sanches Brito ◽  
Maria Elisa Leite Costa ◽  
Sergio Koide
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Groundwater Recharge ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Infiltration Capacity ◽  
Urban Patterns ◽  
The Impact

In Brazil, stormwater management systems are usually deficient and very commonly implemented after the urban areas have settled. In Brasilia, the Federal capital of Brazil, this problem is aggravated due to the fact that the rainy and dry seasons are very well defined, thereby increasing the importance of groundwater recharge as an ecosystem service. This research aims to evaluate the impact of urban structure types and topographies in stormwater management and three ecosystem services: groundwater recharge, flooding, and water quality. The urban patterns studied included mixed residential areas with two block positions (orthogonal and parallel to the topography) and a single-family house with low density. The studied landforms include a divergent-convergent surface and a flat hillslope with high slope taxa—strictly convergent and strictly divergent surfaces, respectively. The arrangement of landforms has an impact on runoff generation, with an average of 9% during peak flow, and an infiltration capacity, on average, 3% higher in the divergent-convergent surface. The greatest impact of the topography on stormwater management is considered based on the direct cost of the drainage system, which is 44% higher in the flat hillslope. Low impact development (LIDs) devices helped to improve ecosystem service provisions and even presented efficiency that almost achieved that of the predevelopment conditions in the evaluated scenarios. Seeking the urban patterns that best suit given environmental conditions is one of the approaches studied in this paper.

scholarly journals A Planning Framework For Low Impact Development (LID) In Stormwater Management - An Ontario Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah O. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Planning Framework ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
Main Components

Effective management of stormwater is critical to the continued health of the environment. Progression of stormwater management techniques has evolved to include wider, sustainable objectives, particularly the development of Low Impact Development (LID) methods. Despite the recognition that the application of LID practices is a viable approach to older forms of stormwater management, there exist various challenges and barriers to widespread support. In particular, absent is a methodology to plan for LID practices on a large-scale that encompasses not only technical criteria, but economical, and social aspects as well. To address this need, the objective of this study proposes a framework for LID planning on a watershed level. The LID planning Framework is comprised of four main components evaluated in a sequential process to support the development of effective management strategies. Specifically, hydrological performance evaluation of LID technologies throughout a watershed; cost-effectiveness analysis; and stakeholders’ opinions and acceptance levels of these technologies, are used as input to the final decision-making component. The LID Planning Framework is developed in an Ontario context with a particular focus on the Lake Simcoe Watershed. This study will promote an integrated approach to LID planning, which can be used support the uptake of LID principles and encourage more sustainable methods in stormwater management as a whole.

scholarly journals Hydrological response unit-based blowing snow modelling over an alpine ridge

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1167-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. MacDonald ◽  
J. W. Pomeroy ◽  
A. Pietroniro
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Blowing Snow ◽  
Hydrological Response ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Response Unit ◽  
Winter Snow ◽  
Hydrological Response Unit

Abstract. Snow redistribution by wind and the resulting accumulation regimes were simulated for two winters over an alpine ridge transect located in the Canada Rocky Mountains. Simulations were performed using physically based blowing snow and snowmelt models. A hydrological response unit (HRU)-based spatial discretization was used rather than a more computationally expensive fully-distributed one. The HRUs were set up to follow an aerodynamic sequence, whereby eroded snow was transported from windswept, upwind HRUs to drift accumulating, downwind HRUs. HRUs were selected by examining snow accumulation patterns from manual snow depth measurements. Simulations were performed using two sets of wind speed forcing: (1) station observed wind speed, and (2) modelled wind speed from a widely applied empirical, terrain-based windflow model. Best results were obtained when using the site meteorological station wind speed data. The windflow model performed poorly when comparing the magnitude of modelled and observed wind speeds, though over-winter snow accumulation results obtained when using the modelled wind speeds were reasonable. However, there was a notable discrepancy (17%) between blowing snow sublimation quantities estimated when using the modelled and observed wind speeds. As a result, the end-of-winter snow accumulation was considerably underestimated (32%) when using the modelled wind speeds. That snow redistribution by wind can be adequately simulated in computationally efficient HRUs over this alpine ridge has important implications for representing snow transport in large-scale hydrology models and land surface schemes. Snow redistribution by wind was shown to significantly impact snow accumulation regimes in mountainous environments as snow accumulation was reduced to less than one-third of snowfall on windswept landscapes and nearly doubled in certain lee slope and treeline areas. Blowing snow sublimation losses were shown to be significant (approximately one-quarter of snowfall or greater).

scholarly journals A Planning Framework For Low Impact Development (LID) In Stormwater Management - An Ontario Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah O. Lawson
Keyword(s):  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Planning Framework ◽  
Viable Approach ◽  
Main Components

Effective management of stormwater is critical to the continued health of the environment. Progression of stormwater management techniques has evolved to include wider, sustainable objectives, particularly the development of Low Impact Development (LID) methods. Despite the recognition that the application of LID practices is a viable approach to older forms of stormwater management, there exist various challenges and barriers to widespread support. In particular, absent is a methodology to plan for LID practices on a large-scale that encompasses not only technical criteria, but economical, and social aspects as well. To address this need, the objective of this study proposes a framework for LID planning on a watershed level. The LID planning Framework is comprised of four main components evaluated in a sequential process to support the development of effective management strategies. Specifically, hydrological performance evaluation of LID technologies throughout a watershed; cost-effectiveness analysis; and stakeholders’ opinions and acceptance levels of these technologies, are used as input to the final decision-making component. The LID Planning Framework is developed in an Ontario context with a particular focus on the Lake Simcoe Watershed. This study will promote an integrated approach to LID planning, which can be used support the uptake of LID principles and encourage more sustainable methods in stormwater management as a whole.

Sustainability through Optimization: The Future of Watershed Management

2012 ◽  
Vol 260-261 ◽  
pp. 876-881
Author(s):  
Thambirajah Saravanapavan ◽  
Guo Shun Zhang ◽  
Mark Voorhees
Keyword(s):  
Watershed Management ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Phosphorus Loading ◽  
Optimization Approach

A quantitative comparison of total costs between the traditional approach and the optimization approach for stormwater management is presented in this study. As the uniform sizing method is always associated with the traditional stormwater management practices, the optimization approach is well suited for the more recent stormwater management paradigm of low impact development (LID) practices. In the case study conducted for the town of Franklin in the Upper Charles River Watershed, Massachusetts, USA, the optimization method is able to identify stormwater management alternatives that cost 60% less than the traditional approach for meeting the Phosphorus loading reduction targets. The study highlights the comprehensive benefits from coupling optimization with the LID practices in stormwater management: 1. The LID practices’ focus on restoring the predevelopment runoff conditions ensures sustainable stormwater management, and 2. The optimization technique guarantees that the most cost-effective LID practices are selected throughout the decision-making process. The approaches outlined in this study can be very informative to many Asian countries that are under fast development and are in urgent need of scientific and sound approaches for achieving sustainable watershed management.

scholarly journals Retrofitting the Low Impact Development Practices into Developed Urban areas Including Barriers and Potential Solution

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shafique ◽  
Reeho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Natural Area ◽  
Suitable Combination ◽  
Stormwater Management Practices ◽  
Impervious Areas ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractLow impact development (LID)/green infrastructure (GI) practices have been identified as the sustainable practices of managing the stormwater in urban areas. Due to the increasing population, most of the cities are more developing which results in the change of natural area into impervious areas (roads, buildings etc.). Moreover, urbanization and climate change are causing many water-related problems and making over cities unsafe and insecure. Under these circumstances, there is a need to introduce new stormwater management practices into developed cities to reduce the adverse impacts of urbanization. For this purpose, retrofitting low impact development practices demands more attention to reduce these water-related problems and trying to make our cities sustainable. In developed areas, there is a little space is available for the retrofitting of LID practices for the stormwater management. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate place to retrofitting LID practices needs more concern. This paper describes the successfully applied retrofitting LID practices around the globe. It also includes the process of applying retrofitting LID practices at the suitable place with the suitable combination. Optimal places for the retrofitting of different LID practices are also mentioned. This paper also highlights the barriers and potential solutions of retrofitting LID practices in urban areas.

Stormwater management by low impact development practices

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-86
Author(s):  
Melika Mani ◽  
Sayed Bateni ◽  
Omid Bozorg-Haddad ◽  
Amanda Cording
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Stormwater Management ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Urban Pollutants ◽  
Hydrologic Regimes ◽  
Urban Catchments ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Runoff Quality

Abstract Due to the effects of climate change, urban and suburban expansion, and urban pollutants on runoff quality and quantity, applying contemporary stormwater management approaches in urban areas have become more critical. Low impact development (LID) practices are environmentally friendly stormwater management methods, seeking to replicate the natural hydrologic regimes in urban areas. They have become popular methods to reduce/prevent adverse stormwater runoff impacts in urban catchments, mainly by improving on-site infiltration or harvesting and reusing runoff. This study introduces LID practices and the importance of using them. Thereafter, the structure, benefits, and limitations of common LID practices are explained to help water resource engineers and urban planners have a better understanding of these practices, and choose the most suitable LID practice based on the needs of the project and features of the site.

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