scholarly journals Utracone piękno. O zniszczeniach zabytkowej architektury Zakopanego

Artifex Novus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 148-173
Author(s):  
Romana Rupiewicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Spatial Development ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
The Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstrakt: Na terenie Zakopanego znajduje się ok. 1361 obiektów zabytkowych, z których 1180 to drewniane wille, reprezentujące styl zakopiański, powstałe w okresie od końca XIX w. do 20-lecia międzywojennego. Tak intensywne nagromadzenie drewnianych brył zakopiańskich willi ukształtowało tożsamość miejsca opartą o ład przestrzenny, stosowną skalę i proporcję. Wille stanowią wartość ze względu na historię i tradycję. Niestety, zabudowa ta jest obecnie wypierana przez inwestycje deweloperskie, które niszczą krajobraz miasta. Takie działania ułatwiają niekorzystne zapisy w miejscowych planach przestrzennych, uchwalone w latach 2009–2012. Często dochodzi do celowych podpaleń zabytków w celu pozyskania nowych gruntów inwestycyjnych. W artykule omówiono zabytkowe wille, które w ostatnich latach zostały zdewastowane lub zburzone, ukazano uwarunkowania formalno-prawne oraz mechanizmy działania. Wskazano rozwiązania, które mogą przyczynić się do lepszej ochrony konserwatorskiej zabytkowych obiektów architektury świeckiej. Summary: There are around 1,361 historic buildings in Zakopane, of which 1,180 are timber mountain houses of Zakopane style built from the end of the 19th century to the times of the Second Polish Republic (1918–1939). Such an accumulation of timber buildings in the local style formed an identity to the area based on spatial organization, scale and proportions. The mountain houses are valuable due to their history and tradition. Unfortunately, these structures are now superseded by investments in new developments which destroy the townscape. Such activities are facilitated by unfavorable provisions in local spatial development plans adopted during the years 2009–2012. Quite often historical buildings are deliberately set on fire in order to secure new land for investments. The article describes historic mountain houses which have been devastated or demolished in recent years. It presents the formal and legal conditions that allowed for this and the mechanisms of action. It also presents solutions which can help develop better preservation and protection of historic secular buildings.

GREAT MOSQUE BANDUNG AS A LANDMARK OF BANDUNG CITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Ecep Herdis Rustandi ◽  
Karto Wijaya ◽  
Rochmanijar Setiady
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The Many ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historic City ◽  
The City

ABSTRACT : The city of Bandung is the capital of West Java Province, Bandung City also known as the historic City of Bandung is a witness of historic events from Bandung to the sea of fire until the Asian-African Conference (KAA). The city of Bandung also has historical landmarks of the Dutch colonial era including Gedung Merdeka, Gedung Sate, Savoy Homan Hotel, Pasar Baru, and the Great Mosque of Bandung. Because of the many historic buildings in the city of Bandung, Bandung City is the destination of tourist destinations, both local and foreign tourists, Bandung is also known as Parijs Van Java. The nickname was given because the city of Bandung is located on a plateau surrounded by mountains so that the air or temperature in Bandung is very cool as in Europe. Speaking of historical buildings in this writing, the author will take the title of the Great Mosque as a Landmark of Bandung. The Great Mosque of Bandung Established in the 19th century and is one of the historical buildings in the City of Bandung the Great Mosque Several times experienced transformation of forms or renovations from 1810 - 2001. Bandung Grand Mosque is located in the city square of Bandung or in the center of the city is strategically located making the Bandung Great Mosque a religious tourist attraction in the city of Bandung. Keywords : Mosque, Landmark, Bandung, Colonial, Dutch, Architecture

Scoop

2019 ◽  
pp. 133-150
Author(s):  
John Maxwell Hamilton ◽  
Heidi Tworek
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The State ◽  
Media Economics ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Foreign Correspondents ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Foreign Reporting ◽  
Foreign Correspondence ◽  
The 19Th Century

The state of foreign reporting today is paradoxical. New technology makes some aspects of foreign reporting faster and easier; it has also raised old problems of trust and the high cost of foreign news that were first seen in the 19th century. This chapter situates today’s new developments in media economics and technology in the context of the 19th-century’s foreign correspondence, which was full of hoaxes and bogus reporting, as well as outstanding correspondents on the ground. Our current moment is a recalibration of three trade-offs in foreign correspondence: managed news vs. independence, speed vs. superficiality, and abundant sources vs. reliability. We examine these trade-offs by looking at modern American and European foreign correspondents, who have long grappled with truth and trust in news.

Złote łany, ziemniaczane pola i zagony buraków. Roślinny krajobraz polskiej wsi w perspektywie historii gospodarczej

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1 (460)) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Piotr Koryś
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Times ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Village

The article discusses the role of plants in Poland’s economic development over the last 500 years. The author presents the role of five plants in the history of Poland’s development: cereals (wheat and rye), potatoes, sugar beet and rape. The specificity of the economic development of modern Europe has made Poland one of Europe’s granaries and an important exporter of cereals. This shaped the civilization of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and contributed to its fall due to institutional specificity. In the 19th century, potatoes played an important role in the population development of Polish lands, as they helped feed the rapidly growing population. The spread of sugar beet cultivation created the conditions for the development of modern sugar industry in the second half of the 19th century. It became one of the first modern branches of the food industry in Poland and contributed to the modernization of the village. Quite recently, oilseed rape was to become a plant that would bring back the times of agricultural sheikhs – no longer the nobility would trade in cereals on the European markets, but entrepreneurs producing a vegetable substitute for diesel oil.

scholarly journals CLASSIFICATION OF INVALID TRANSACTIONS IN PRESENT LAW DOCTRINE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

10.23856/4624 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-194
Author(s):  
Roman Tashian
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
The Times ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
The 19Th Century

The aim of this paper is providing the analysis of the classification of invalid transactions into void and voidable, which is recognized in many countries. This classification takes roots from the times of Ancient Rome, and was further developed in the 19th century thanks to the works of pandectists, primarily F.K. von Savigny and B. Windscheid. Today many European states are reforming their civil legislation. This fact allows us to take a fresh look at many institutions of civil law. In addition to the traditional approaches that are characteristic of the countries of the pandecto system, special attention should be paid to the “theorie moderne”, which is widespread in the countries of the Romanesque legal system. In the context of the invalidity of transactions, the article analyzes the provisions of the legislation of the leading European countries – Germany, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Belgium. Based on the above, it is concluded that this classification of the invalidity of transactions has not lost its meaning and is relevant today.

scholarly journals Słowniczek tykociński Zygmunta Glogera – źródła i dokumentacja

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-162
Author(s):  
Bogusław Nowowiejski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article focuses on lexicographic means and methods used in the 19th century dialectal lexicography. Zygmunt Gloger in Tykocin Dictionary refers not only to dialect but also to other sources, which makes his work unique. It contains numerous references, especially to literary and historical texts, but also specialised papers. They serve either to prove the presence of a particular word/phrase in the Polish language in the past or in the times of Gloger, or to document the use of selected units in various syntactic and semantic contexts. Scientific references enable to define and to deepen etymology of selected words, or to provide an alternative variation. Referring to various sources in order to show historically or/and geographically determined phonetic, morphological and semantic-lexical forms that differ from forms in Tykocin Dictionary is rare.

scholarly journals Wielkopolskie organizacje kobiece u schyłku XIX w. a uczestnictwo Polek w przestrzeni społecznej II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 45-63
Author(s):  
Patrycja Kanafocka
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

W zakresie aktywności kobiet w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej zaszły zmiany. Pierwszą było osiągnięcie poczucia bezpieczeństwa, które spowodowało, że tajne organizacje samokształceniowe, czytelnie, biblioteki wydawały się zbędne, choćby dlatego, że wysiłek wykształcenia w duchu polskim spoczywający w czasach zaboru pruskiego głównie na kobietach, został przejęty przez państwo. Działalność charytatywna natomiast uległa wzbogaceniu o nowe inicjatywy, rozkwitało życie towarzyskie, w wolnym państwie prowadzone swobodnie. Powstawały stowarzyszenia zawodowe przy zakładach pracy i przedsiębiorstwach, w każdym zaangażowane były także kobiety. Przyjmowano je również do towarzystw zakładanych przez mężczyzn. Niewątpliwie największe osiągnięcie, a więc prawa wyborcze, było także wyzwaniem, uniemożliwiało cichą pracę w swoim gronie, do której kobiety zdążyły się przyzwyczaić i wymagało niekiedy radykalnego forsowania argumentów, wymuszało poszerzenie horyzontów. Udział kobiet w przestrzeni społecznej II Rzeczypospolitej bez pracy rozpoczętej w XIX wieku byłby niemożliwy. Uświadomienie bowiem, również społeczne czy polityczne, jest procesem, w którym długa droga to nie tylko czas rozwoju kobiety – świadomej obywatelki, lecz i mężczyzny, gotowego, aby dzielić przestrzeń społeczną z kobietą. Women’s organizations at the end of the 19th century and the participation of Polish women in the social life of the Second Polish Republic When it comes to the activity of women during the times of the Second Republic, there were a lot of changes. Firstly, a sense of security was gained, which meant that secret self-education, reading rooms and libraries were redundant, since the effort of educating in the Polish spirit during Prussian occupation, mostly made by women, was overtaken by the state. Charitable activity was enriched with new initiatives, and social life flourished, because it could be led freely in the free state. Professional associations at plants and companies emerged, in which women also participated. Women were also welcome in societies established by men. Undoubtedly, the biggest achievement, the right to vote, was also a challenge, as it made it impossible to work quietly in limited, female-only circles – an activity women had managed to get used to. This sometimes required radical argumentation, and forced one to stay open minded. Female participation in the public life of the Second Republic would have been impossible without the work that had began in the 19th century. Raising awareness, both social and political, is a process. Long way is required not only for a woman to become a conscious citizen, but also for a man to become ready to share the social space.

scholarly journals O gnaisse facoidal: a mais carioca das rochas

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Kátia Leite Mansur ◽  
Ismar Souza Carvalho ◽  
Carlos Fernando Moura Delphim ◽  
Emilio Velloso Barroso
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Historical Buildings ◽  
Slave Labor ◽  
The Past ◽  
African People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Augen Gneiss ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

The city of Rio de Janeiro is known by its natural beauties. The mountains and the sea make the city the postcard of Brazil. The sculpture of the carioca landscape is closely related to the augen gneiss, very resistant rock to the weathering and, for this reason, it stands out in the relief. It gives form for Sugar Loaf and Corcovado, for example. Augen gneiss was used in the construction of most of the historical buildings of the city, including museums and churches, many of them were built in the 19th century. It was used in the sculpture of ornaments, facades and frames of doors and windows. The exploitation of the augen gneiss was presented by Jean Baptiste Debret in his book "Voyage Pittoresque et Historique au Brésil". A picture of quarry is presented at Morro da Glória and describes the extraction method by slave labor. He informes that the augen gneiss is softer, less expensive and more easily exploited. It was destined, mainly, to the parts of the buildings that should be sculpted. This rock is still present in an important event of the history of the brazilian arts. Pedra do Sal, a stairway sculpted in the augen gneiss Downtown, was the place that African people met in the past to tell their histories, to do religious cults and to sing. In these meetings in Pedra do Sal samba was born

New Developments in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-658
Author(s):  
MARK C. ROGERS
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Male Child ◽  
New Developments ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The 19Th Century

The concern of pediatricians with resuscitation is an ancient and honorable tradition, which traces its roots directly back to the Bible. In the Book of Kings, it is recorded that Elisha revived a male child, "putting his mouth on his mouth, his eyes upon his eyes and his hands upon his hands; and he stretched himself upon him, the flesh of the child became warm." From this base, resuscitation developed slowly over the centuries, moving from folk medicine resuscitation techniques such as suspending drowning victims upside down or rolling them over a barrel to the more scientific approaches which began in the middle of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Przekształcenia gdańskich obiektów zabytkowych w pierwszej połowie XIX w. w kontekście rodzącej się myśli konserwatorskiej

Porta Aurea ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 62-93
Author(s):  
Magdalena Staręga
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Historic Buildings ◽  
Historic Sites ◽  
Significant Aspect ◽  
Historic Structures ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Substantial Change

The article discusses modifications in antique structures of Gdańsk in the first half of the 19th century. The exact time frame for the phenomenon explored is marked by the seizure of the city by the Kingdom of Prussia as a result of the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, and the early 1860s. It was a highly difficult period in the history of Gdańsk. Terrible economic situation resulted in an extremely small number of new, important architectonic projects being implemented. Instead, the authorities began adapting old buildings to new needs, often not without significant alterations. Other major modifications to historic structures were introduced in the course of repairs and reconstructions of deteriorated and war-damaged buildings. The first half of the 19th century is a time which saw a substantial change in the perception of historic sites and their value. The article highlights the occurrence of this process in Gdańsk. Reconstructions involving classicist stylistic forms, which gave way to the coexistence of old and new formal marks, as well as later ones, introduced in the course of regothicisation, characterised by aiming at stylistic cohesion are examined. The modifications extended to many of Gdańsk’s most important historic buildings. Architects such as Karl Friedrich Schinkel or Friedrich August Stüler were involved in the discussed process. The number and extent of undertaken redevelopments indicates that they constitute a significant aspect of the 19th-century Gdańsk architecture.

scholarly journals Codzienność w rzeczach śp. Emilii z Friedleinów Majerowej. Inwentarz pośmiertny z 1842 r.

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 53-86
Author(s):  
Ewa Danowska
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Arts And Sciences ◽  
Legal Document ◽  
The Times ◽  
Manuscript Collections ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Characteristic Part

Everyday Life in the Things of the Late Emilia Majerowa, Neé Friedlein. A Posthumous Inventory Dated 1842 The manuscript collections of the Scientific Library of the PAAS and the PAS in Cracow (manuscript 3906) include an inventory prepared after the death of Emilia Majerowa, neé Friedlein, who died in Cracow in 1842. Her husband was Wojciech, a lawyer, and her brother-in-law was Józef Majer, the president of the Academy of Arts and Sciences. The inventory of movables was drawn up after their owner’s death; their evaluation played an important role in inheritance proceedings. The reliability of such a document is not questionable. Today it provides information about the material culture of the epoch and social class concerned – in this case, a wealthy intellectual house from the times of the Free City of Cracow. The posthumous inventory of Emilia Majerowa’s property is quite large, containing thoroughly described and evaluated home equipment, clothes, jewellery, a large library for the standards of those times, and financial documents. The edition of the inventory was preceded by a preface with facts about the Majer family, as well as information concerning the characteristics of the posthumous inventory as a legal document. The paper ends with a glossary of Old Polish terms that were still used at that time and are a characteristic part of the 19th-century vocabulary.

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