Acute and Long-Term Effects of Cannabis Use: A Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (25) ◽  
pp. 4112-4118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Karila ◽  
Perrine Roux ◽  
Benjamin Rolland ◽  
Amine Benyamina ◽  
Michel Reynaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Long Term Effects

The metabolic implications of long term cannabis use in patients with psychosis

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrah Mushtaq ◽  
Valeria Mondelli ◽  
Carmine M. Pariante
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
General Population ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Vulnerable Patient ◽  
Vulnerable Patient Group

SummaryAimsThe aim of this paper is to summarise the effects of cannabis use on appetite and energy balance, and to subsequently investigate the possible implications this may have in patients with psychosis, in whom a high prevalence of cannabis use has been reported.Methods– A narrative review based on the recent literature regarding cannabis use in the gen-eral population and patients with psychosis.Results– The short-term abilities of cannabis to increase appetite and body weight, through actions on the endogenous endocannabinoid system, have been well characterised throughout the literature. The long term effects of cannabis use are however unclear and only a minority of studies have been conducted in the general population with overall conflicting results. In terms of the effects of cannabis in patients with psychosis, there has only been one study to date that has investigated this and interestingly found cannabis use to be associated with increased body weight and blood glucose levels, thus providing evidence that cannabis use may be an important contributing factor to the reduced life expectancy, as is currently observed in this vulnerable patient group.Conclusions– It is clear from the literature that patients with psychosis are at a high risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease in comparison to the general population. However the contribution of cannabis use to this risk is as of yet undetermined and further long term studies are need to confirm current findings and evaluate hypothesised mechanisms.Declaration of Interest: None.

scholarly journals Prenatal Cannabinoid Exposure: Emerging Evidence of Physiological and Neuropsychiatric Abnormalities

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mina G. Nashed ◽  
Daniel B. Hardy ◽  
Steven R. Laviolette
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The Social

Clinical reports of cannabis use prevalence during pregnancy vary widely from 3% to upwards of 35% in North America; this disparity likely owing to underestimates from self-reporting in many cases. The rise in cannabis use is mirrored by increasing global legalization and the overall perceptions of safety, even during pregnancy. These trends are further compounded by a lack of evidence-based policy and guidelines for prenatal cannabis use, which has led to inconsistent messaging by healthcare providers and medically licensed cannabis dispensaries regarding prenatal cannabis use for treatment of symptoms, such as nausea. Additionally, the use of cannabis to self-medicate depression and anxiety during pregnancy is a growing medical concern. This review aims to summarize recent findings of clinical and preclinical data on neonatal outcomes, as well as long-term physiological and neurodevelopmental outcomes of prenatal cannabis exposure. Although many of the outcomes under investigation have produced mixed results, we consider these data in light of the unique challenges facing cannabis research. In particular, the limited longitudinal clinical studies available have not previously accounted for the exponential increase in (-)-Δ9– tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9–THC; the psychoactive compound in cannabis) concentrations found in cannabis over the past two decades. Polydrug use and the long-term effects of individual cannabis constituents [Δ9–THC vs. cannabidiol (CBD)] are also understudied, along with sex-dependent outcomes. Despite these limitations, prenatal cannabis exposure has been linked to low birth weight, and emerging evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to Δ9–THC, which crosses the placenta and impacts placental development, may have wide-ranging physiological and neurodevelopmental consequences. The long-term effects of these changes require more rigorous investigation, though early reports suggest Δ9–THC increases the risk of cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric disease, including psychosis, depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. In light of the current trends in the perception and use of cannabis during pregnancy, we emphasize the social and medical imperative for more rigorous investigation of the long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure.

scholarly journals Regular Cannabis Use Associated With Lower Pain Tolerance and Greater Pain-Related Interference: Results from Laboratory and Ecologically Relevant Assessments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Alejandro Yanes ◽  
Meredith A. Reid ◽  
Lauren Yvette Atlas ◽  
Jarred W. Younger ◽  
Raul Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Pain Ratings ◽  
Lower Pain ◽  
Internet Study

Substantial effort has been directed toward understanding complex associations between cannabis and pain, yet we have many, and sometimes conflicting, theories regarding cannabinoid analgesia. Although acute effects of cannabis on pain have received considerable attention, long-term effects remain understudied. Two studies were conducted. First, during the laboratory study, we measured pain ratings and pain tolerance in response to pressure-based mechanical pain among recreational cannabis users (n = 33) and cannabis non-users (n = 31). Linear mixed-effects models demonstrated that: (i) pain ratings (0-100 VAS) were not different between groups (B = 1.57 (95% CI: -10.84, 13.99), p = 0.801), (ii) pain tolerance (0-240 mmHg) was associated with anxiety (B = -5.33 (95% CI: -8.29, -2.33) p < 0.001), and (iii) users had lower tolerance after controlling for anxiety (B = -24.62 (95% CI: -49.32, 0.43), p = 0.046). Second, during the internet study, we retested these associations using more ecologically relevant endpoints in a separate sample. Participants completed the Graded Chronic Pain Scale, and pain-related daily interference was compared between users (n = 185) and non-users (n = 586). Linear models showed that interference (0-10 points) was associated with anxiety (B = 0.07 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.09), p < 0.001) and users reported greater interference after controlling for anxiety (B = 0.27 (95% CI: 0.09, 0.46), p = 0.003). Together, these outcomes suggest that regular cannabis use is associated with differences in pain processing, although additional studies are needed to provide enhanced mechanistic understanding.

Long-term effects of frequent cannabis use on working memory and attention: an fMRI study

2006 ◽  
Vol 185 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry Jager ◽  
Rene S. Kahn ◽  
Wim Van Den Brink ◽  
Jan M. Van Ree ◽  
Nick F. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Fmri Study

Cannabis use and posttraumatic stress disorder: prospective evidence from a longitudinal study of veterans

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Metrik ◽  
Angela K. Stevens ◽  
Rachel L. Gunn ◽  
Brian Borsari ◽  
Kristina M. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Panel Model ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Causal Nature ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most highly co-occurring psychiatric disorder among veterans with cannabis use disorder (CUD). Despite some evidence that cannabis use prospectively exacerbates the course of PTSD, which in turn increases the risk for CUD, the causal nature of the relationship between cannabis and psychiatric comorbidity is debated. The longitudinal relationship between PTSD diagnosis and traumatic intrusion symptoms with cannabis use and CUD was examined using cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) analysis. Methods Prospective data from a longitudinal observational study of 361 veterans deployed post-9/11/2001 included PTSD and CUD diagnoses, cannabis use, and PTSD-related traumatic intrusion symptoms from the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms. Results A random intercept CLPM analysis that leveraged three waves (baseline, 6 months and 12 months) of cannabis use and PTSD-related intrusion symptoms to account for between-person differences found that baseline cannabis use was significantly positively associated with 6-month intrusion symptoms; the converse association was significant but reduced in magnitude (baseline use to 6-month intrusions: β = 0.46, 95% CI 0.155–0.765; baseline intrusions to 6-month use: β = 0.22, 95% CI −0.003 to 0.444). Results from the two-wave CLPM reveal a significant effect from baseline PTSD to 12-month CUD (β = 0.15, 95% CI 0.028–0.272) but not from baseline CUD to 12-month PTSD (β = 0.12, 95% CI −0.022 to 0.262). Conclusions Strong prospective associations capturing within-person changes suggest that cannabis use is linked with greater severity of trauma-related intrusion symptoms over time. A strong person-level directional association between PTSD and CUD was evident. Findings have significant clinical implications for the long-term effects of cannabis use among individuals with PTSD.

Is Cannabis Harmless? Focus on Brain Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Mental Functioning ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Life Functioning ◽  
Withdrawal Effects

Background: The degree to which cannabis use causes long term harm to mental functioning is contentious. Objective: To determine the evidence for residual and long term effects of cannabis use on mental functions. Method: Comprehensively review human studies addressing detrimental effects on human mental and life functioning. Results: Heavy use causes immediate effects on perception, mood and sedation, but also deficits in cognitive ability. But cessation following heavy use has withdrawal effects and is associated with residual effects on cognition that may last for several weeks. Heavy use also raises the risk of impoverishment of life outcomes and a decline in socioeconomic status as well as the risk of mental health problems. Young age at the start of heavy cannabis use causes a risk of lifelong detrimental effects, and as a worst case together with genetic vulnerability exacerbate a predisposition to schizophrenia. Conclusion: Heavy regular use of cannabis that begins in adolescence heightens the risk of longterm impairment of life and mental functioning.

scholarly journals Informed Cannabis Policies on Canadian Campuses: Toward the Protection of Youth and Young Adults

Spectrum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Rebecca Kaitlyn Sinnatamby ◽  
Emad Saad ◽  
Joel Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Educational Strategies ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Population Demographic

Introduction: The legalization of cannabis across Canada in October 2018 introduced issues including regulation at different levels, public and individual education, and discussions about cannabis product safety. We aimed to discuss ineffective and effective cannabis use policy on campuses and associated public areas, given the known short-term and long-term effects pertaining to its neurologic, pulmonary, and purported medicinal effects. Cannabis interferes with many of the body’s basic and executive (higher-level) functions. It is also associated with long-term harmful effects when chronically used. The purpose of this paper is to review and further discuss the responsibility local governments and educational institutions have for creating policies and regulations around cannabis use, particularly within post-secondary institutions, and for implementing educational strategies to promote public knowledge of cannabis. Methods: Peer-reviewed articles published in the last 10 years were searched for through the MEDLINE database. In addition, national and local health-related websites discussing cannabis policies were reviewed and collated. Expert opinions were also sought out to provide further information and resources. Results: 31 peer-reviewed articles and 12 professional websites were retrieved and reviewed. Correspondences with individual experts aware of and involved with campus cannabis policies also provided relevant resources and data used in this document. Conclusion: Smoke-free campus policies create the best health outcomes for the campus population. As well, creating effective and properly regulated policies and prioritizing public education is pertinent especially on universities where the population demographic is relatively young.

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