Glycation With Fructose: The Bitter Side of Nature’s Own Sweetener

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 962-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samreen Amani ◽  
Shamila Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Polyol Pathway ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Schiff Base Formation ◽  
Base Formation

: Fructose is a ketohexose and sweetest among all the natural sugars. Like other reducing sugars, it reacts readily with the amino- and nucleophilic groups of proteins, nucleic acids and other biomolecules resulting in glycation reactions. The non-enzymatic glycation reactions comprise Schiff base formation, their Amadori rearrangement followed by complex and partly incompletely understood reactions culminating in the formation of Advance Glycation End products (AGEs). The AGEs are implicated in complications associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, Parkinson’s disease, etc. : Fructose is highly reactive and forms glycation products that differ both in structure and reactivity as compared to those formed from glucose. Nearly all tissues of higher organisms utilize fructose but only a few like the ocular lens, peripheral nerves erythrocytes and testis have polyol pathway active for the synthesis of fructose. Fructose levels rarely exceed those of glucose but, in tissues that operate the polyol pathway, its concentration may rise remarkably during diabetes and related disorders. Diet contributes significantly to the body fructose levels however, availability of technologies for the large scale and inexpensive production of fructose, popularity of high fructose syrups as well as the promotion of vegetarianism have resulted in a remarkable increase in the consumption of fructose. In vivo glycation reactions by fructose, therefore, assume remarkable significance. The review, therefore, aims to highlight the uniqueness of glycation reactions with fructose and its role in some pathophysiological situations.

scholarly journals Immunological detection of fructated proteins in vitro and in vivo

1998 ◽  
Vol 336 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuko MIYAZAWA ◽  
Yoshimi KAWASAKI ◽  
Junichi FUJII ◽  
Myint THEINGI ◽  
Ayumu HOSHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Polyol Pathway ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes

An antibody has been raised against fructated lysine in proteins by immunizing fructated lysine-conjugated ovalbumin in rabbits. The affinity-purified antibody specifically recognized proteins incubated with fructose but not with other reducing sugars such as glucose, galactose or ribose, as judged by immunoblotting and ELISA techniques. Competitive binding to this antibody was observed specifically by fructated lysine but not by glucated lysine, glucose, fructose or lysine. The antibody binds specifically to fructated lysine residues in the protein but not to borohydride-reduced material or advanced glycation end products, indicating that the antibody recognizes only the reducing, carbonyl-containing forms produced in the early stage of the fructation reaction. When BSA was incubated with various concentrations of fructose, the reactivity of the antibody increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. When soluble proteins prepared from either normal or streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat eyes were analysed by ELISA with this antibody, an increase in the reactive components was observed as a function of aging as well as under diabetic conditions. Western blotting analysis showed that lens crystallin reacted highly with this antibody. Because fructose is biosynthesized largely through the polyol pathway, which is enhanced under diabetic conditions, and lens is known to have a high activity of enzymes in this pathway, this antibody is capable of recognizing fructated proteins in vivo. Thus it is a potentially useful tool for investigating two major issues that seem to be involved in diabetic complications, namely the glycation reaction and the polyol pathway.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Activity of the Hydroethanolic Extract ofCuratella americanaL. Leaves

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Henrique Oliveira Lopes ◽  
Luis Fernando Benitez Macorini ◽  
Katia Ávila Antunes ◽  
Priscilla Pereira de Toledo Espindola ◽  
Tamaeh Monteiro Alfredo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hypolipidemic Activity ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Scavenging Capacity ◽  
Dpph Scavenging ◽  
Hydroethanolic Extract ◽  
Positive Controls

High levels of reactive oxygen species in the body and hyperlipidemia are key factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. The present study investigated the antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity of hydroethanolic extract ofCuratella americanaL. leaves (ExC). The antioxidant activity of ExC was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) scavenging capacity and protection against hemolysis induced by 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), followed by quantification of malondialdehyde (MDA). Wistar rats with hyperlipidemia induced by high-fructose diet (60%) were treated for 60 days with water, simvastatin (30 mg·Kg−1), ciprofibrate (2 mg·Kg−1), and ExC (200 mg·Kg−1). ExC revealed IC50of6.0±0.5 μg·mL−1, an intermediary value among positive controls used in the assay of DPPH scavenging capacity. At all concentrations (50 to 125 μg·mL−1) and times (60 to 240 min) evaluated, ExC protected erythrocytes against AAPH-induced hemolysis, which was confirmed by lower MDA levels.In vivotests showed a reduction of 34 and 45%, respectively, in serum concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides in hyperlipidemic rats treated with ExC, a similar effect compared to the reference drugs, simvastatin and ciprofibrate, respectively. Together, the results showed the antioxidant activity of ExC and its ability to improve the serum lipid profile in hyperlipidemic rats.

scholarly journals Covalent Grafting of the RGD-Peptide onto Polyetheretherketone Surfaces via Schiff Base Formation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Becker ◽  
Steffen Lorenz ◽  
Dennis Strand ◽  
Christian-Friedrich Vahl ◽  
Matthias Gabriel
Keyword(s):  
Schiff Base ◽  
Polymer Surface ◽  
Cellular Adhesion ◽  
Rgd Peptide ◽  
Tissue Integration ◽  
Peptide Modification ◽  
Covalent Grafting ◽  
Schiff Base Formation ◽  
Base Formation

In recent years, the synthetic polymer polyetheretherketone (PEEK) has increasingly been used in a number of orthopedic implementations, due to its excellent mechanical properties, bioinertness, and chemical resistance. Forin vivoapplications, the surface of PEEK, which does not naturally support cell adhesion, has to be modified to improve tissue integration. In the present work we demonstrate a novel wet-chemical modification of PEEK to modify the surface, enabling the covalent grafting of the cell-adhesive RGD-peptide. Modification of the polymer surface was achieved via Schiff base formation using an aliphatic diamine and subsequent crosslinker-mediated immobilization of the peptide. In cell culture experiments with primary osteoblasts it was shown that the RGD-modified PEEK not only significantly promoted cellular adhesion but also strongly enhanced the proliferation of osteoblasts on the modified polymer surface.

scholarly journals Whole integration of neural connectomics, dynamics and bio-mechanics for identification of behavioral sensorimotor pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jimin Kim ◽  
Julia A. Santos ◽  
Mark J. Alkema ◽  
Eli Shlizerman
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neural Dynamics ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
External Forces

AbstractThe ability to fully discern how the brain orchestrates behavior requires the development of successful computational approaches to integrate and inform in-vivo investigations of the nervous system. To effectively assist with such investigations, computational approaches must be generic, scalable and unbiased. We propose such a comprehensive framework to investigate the interaction between the nervous system and the body for the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Specifically, we introduce a model that computationally emulates the activity of the complete somatic nervous system and its response to stimuli. The model builds upon the full anatomical wiring diagram, the connectome, and integrates it with additional layers including intra-cellular and extra-cellular bio-physically relevant neural dynamics, layers translating neural activity to muscle forces and muscle impulses to body postures. In addition, it implements inverse integration which modulates neural dynamics according to external forces on the body. We validate the model by in-silico injection of currents into sensory- and inter-neurons known to play a role in locomotion behaviors (e.g. posterior/anterior touch) and by applying external forces on the body. We are able to generate characteristic baseline locomotion behaviors (forward and backward movements). Inclusion of proprioceptive feedback, implemented through inverse integration, shows that feedback can entrain and sustain movements initiated by neural or mechanical triggers. We further apply neural stimuli, experimentally known to modulate locomotion, and show that our model supports natural behavioral responses such as turns, reversals and avoidance. The proposed model can be utilized to infer neural circuits involved in sensorimotor behavior. For this purpose, we develop large-scale computational ablation approaches such as (i) ablation survey and (ii) conditional ablation. Our results show how an ablation survey can identify neurons required for a ventral turning behavior. We also show how conditional ablation can identify alternative novel neural pathways, e.g. propose neurons which facilitate steering behavior towards olfactory attractants. The outcomes of our study show that the framework can be utilized to identify neural circuits, which control, mediate and generate natural behavior.

In Vivo Contrast-Enhanced MR Imaging for Direct Infusion Into Rat Peripheral Nerve

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Chen ◽  
Garrett W. Astary ◽  
Thomas H. Mareci ◽  
Malisa Sarntinoranont
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Invasive Surgery ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Direct Infusion ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Cord Injury

Direct infusion of therapeutic agents into the spinal cord provides a promising way to treat traumatic injury and intrinsic diseases of the spinal cord, which may cause paralysis and other neurological deficits. Direct infusion into the spinal cord involves complex invasive surgery since the spinal cord is well protected by the vertebral bone. Instead, infusion directly into peripheral nerves is of interest since it provides a remote delivery site to the spinal cord, requiring less invasive surgery and reducing the risk of spinal cord injury during surgery. It may also allow targeting of specific neurons at nerve root entry. Previous studies have shown [1, 2] that transport in peripheral nerves is anisotropic with a preferred direction parallel to the fiber tracts. A large-scale longitudinal spread of molecular agents may be obtained and spread of molecular agents into the spinal cord may be possible.

In Vivo MRI of Macromolecular Transport Into the Rat Spinal Cord via Peripheral Nerve Infusion

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoming Chen ◽  
Garrett W. Astary ◽  
Thomas H. Mareci ◽  
Malisa Sarntinoranont
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Convection Enhanced Delivery ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Macromolecular Transport ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Fiber Tracts ◽  
Alternative Delivery

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED), or direct infusion, of therapeutic agents into peripheral nerves is of interest since it may provide an alternative delivery route to the spinal cord (SC). This delivery method requires only minimally invasive surgery, reducing the risk of SC injury during surgery. It may also allow targeting of specific neurons entering the SC. Previous studies have shown that transport in peripheral nerves is anisotropic with a preferred direction parallel to the fiber tracts [1, 2]. A large-scale longitudinal spread of macromolecular agents may be obtained and spread of agents into the SC may be possible (Fig. 1).

scholarly journals High Fructose Consumption: More Pain Than Gain to Human Health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Isaiah ◽  
Oluwaseyi Olanrewaju ◽  
Abisola Sholeye ◽  
Modupe Ayilara
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Metabolic System ◽  
Dna Mutation ◽  
High Fructose ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
High Level ◽  
Damaging Effects

An imbalance in any metabolic system can be traced to its homeostasis. When homeostatic environment is not attainable then there will be a response from the body. A new shift has emerged, “the negative feedback effect of high fructose consumption;” more pain than gain. The human metabolic system daily combat fructose sugar metabolism which emanates from high consumption. This inadvently lead to a chronological series of complications arising from the feedback. These feedbacks play pivotal roles in skeletal muscle damage and other body frameworks, it also fosters toxic advanced glycation end products (AGEs), factors that impose and inflict damaging effects to the body`s energy currency and serious threat to health. These damages are missed or overlooked because of early nonspecific physiological symptoms. High level of fructose has both long- and short-term effects on human metabolic processes. These effects which are majorly through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other free radicals, are felt in the disruption of biomolecules such as causing DNA mutation, lipid peroxidation etc. these effects in turn lead to various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other health issues. In this review, we will focus on the damaging effects this sugar has on human health and the present solutions being applied. We will also look at the next step in combatting and controlling these negative feedbacks.

scholarly journals A Quantitative Investigation on the Peripheral Nerve Response within the Small Strain Range

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Giannessi ◽  
Maria Stornelli ◽  
Alessandra Coli ◽  
Pier Sergi
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Strain Range ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nerve Response ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Peripheral nerves are very complex biological structures crucial to linking the central nervous system to the periphery of the body. However, their real behaviour is partially unknown because of the intrinsic difficulty of studying these structures in vivo. As a consequence, theoretical and computational tools together with in vitro experiments are widely used to approximate the mechanical response of the peripheral nervous tissue to different kind of solicitations. More specifically, particular conditions narrow the mechanical response of peripheral nerves within the small strain regime. Therefore, in this work, the mechanical response of nerves was investigated through the study of the relationships among strain, stress and displacements within the small strain range. Theoretical predictions were quantitatively compared to experimental evidences, while the displacement field was studied for different values of the tissue compressibility. This framework provided a straightforward computational assessment of the nerve response, which was needed to design suitable connections to biomaterials or neural interfaces within the small strain range.

The Role of Polyphenols in the Modulation of Plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC)

2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Serafini ◽  
Giuseppa Morabito
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidant

Dietary polyphenols have been shown to scavenge free radicals, modulating cellular redox transcription factors in different in vitro and ex vivo models. Dietary intervention studies have shown that consumption of plant foods modulates plasma Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Capacity (NEAC), a biomarker of the endogenous antioxidant network, in human subjects. However, the identification of the molecules responsible for this effect are yet to be obtained and evidences of an antioxidant in vivo action of polyphenols are conflicting. There is a clear discrepancy between polyphenols (PP) concentration in body fluids and the extent of increase of plasma NEAC. The low degree of absorption and the extensive metabolism of PP within the body have raised questions about their contribution to the endogenous antioxidant network. This work will discuss the role of polyphenols from galenic preparation, food extracts, and selected dietary sources as modulators of plasma NEAC in humans.

Purification of the Antihemophilic Factor by Gel Filtration on Agarose

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (03) ◽  
pp. 577-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M.P Paulssen ◽  
A.C.M.G.B Wouterlood ◽  
H.L.M.A Scheffers
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Large Scale Preparation ◽  
Scale Preparation ◽  
Antihemophilic Factor

SummaryFactor VIII can be isolated from plasma proteins, including fibrinogen by chromatography on agarose. The best results were obtained with Sepharose 6B. Large scale preparation is also possible when cryoprecipitate is separated by chromatography. In most fractions containing factor VIII a turbidity is observed which may be due to the presence of chylomicrons.The purified factor VIII was active in vivo as well as in vitro.

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