Astaxanthin, the Natural Antioxidant, Reduces Reserpine Induced Depression in Mice

Background: An imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants determines the level of oxidative stress which is implicated in the etiopathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders including depression. Therefore, treatment with antioxidants could potentially improve the balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of astaxanthin, a potential antioxidant, to reduce reserpine-induced depression in BALB/c mice (Mus musculus). Methods: On the behavioral level, antidepressant property of astaxanthin (50 mg/kg, orally) on reserpine (2 mg/kg, subcutaneously) induced depressed mice was evaluated by Forced Swim Test (FST) and Tail Suspension Test (TST). In the biochemical level, the ability of astaxanthin to mitigate reserpine-induced oxidative stress was evaluated by the measurement of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in brain, liver and plasma samples. On the other hand, the efficiency of astaxanthin to replenish glutathione depletion and antioxidant enzyme activity augmentation in the same samples were also investigated. Results: Astaxanthin was able to lower reserpine induced immobility time significantly (p<0.05) in FST and TST. Mice treated with astaxanthin showed significantly (p<0.05) low level of oxidative stress markers such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO). Consistently, the level of reduced Glutathione (GSH), and the activity of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and catalase were augmented due to the oral administration of astaxanthin. Conclusion: This study suggests that astaxanthin reduces reserpine-induced oxidative stress and therefore might be effective in treating oxidative stress associated depression.

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Evaluation of antidepressant activity of tramadol in comparison with imipramine in Swiss albino mice

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20170839 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 695

Author(s):

Chiranjeevi Bonda ◽

Sudhir Pawar ◽

Jaisen Lokhande

Keyword(s):

Forced Swim Test ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Tail Suspension ◽

Swim Test ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Group I ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Suspension Test

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antidepressant effect of opioid analgesic tramadol using forced swim test and tail suspension test models.Methods: The antidepressant effect was assessed by recording the immobility time in Forced swim test (FST) and Tail suspension test (TST). The mice were randomly divided into five groups. Mice belonging to group I was given normal saline (0.1ml/kg) which acted as control. Group II received imipramine (15mg/kg) considered as the standard drug tramadol was given in graded dose (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) to mice of groups III, IV, V respectively. All drugs were administered intraperitoneally for seven successive days; test was done on 7th day.Results: Tramadol and Imipramine showed antidepressant activity when compared to control. There is dose dependent increase in antidepressant activity of tramadol. The antidepressant activity of imipramine was significantly (P<0.05) more than tramadol at dose 10 and 20 mg/kg but antidepressant activity with tramadol 40mg/kg was comparable to imipramine treated mice.Conclusions: The results of this study indicated the presence of antidepressant activity of tramadol at 40mg/kg.

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Pharmacological Evaluation of Antidepressant-Like Effect of Genistein and Its Combination with Amitriptyline: An Acute and Chronic Study

Advances in Pharmacological Sciences ◽

10.1155/2015/164943 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Gaurav Gupta ◽

Tay Jia Jia ◽

Lim Yee Woon ◽

Dinesh Kumar Chellappan ◽

Mayuren Candasamy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synergistic Effects ◽

Standard Dose ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Antidepressant Effect ◽

Control Group ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Swim Test ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Chronic Study

The present study was designed to evaluate the acute and chronic antidepressant effect of genistein in combination with amitriptyline in mice. Animals were divided into six groups (n=6) for treatment with water, genistein, or amitriptyline, either alone or in combination for ten days. Animals were subjected to locomotor activity testing; tail suspension test (TST); and forced swim test (FST) and immobility time was recorded on day one and day ten. Acute treatment of all treatment groups did not significantly reduce the immobility time (p>0.05). Chronic treatment of combination of genistein (10 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time as compared to control group (p<0.001) and was comparable to amitriptyline alone (10 mg/kg). However, no changes in anti-immobility activity in combination of subeffective doses of genistein (5 mg/kg) and amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) were observed. Genistein at its standard dose (10 mg/kg) rendered synergistic effects in combination with subeffective dose of amitriptyline (5 mg/kg) and additive effects in combination with therapeutic dose of amitriptyline (10 mg/kg).

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Potentials of Mangifera indica in the treatment of depressive-anxiety disorders: possible mechanisms of action

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2015-0047 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ismail O. Ishola ◽

Olufunsho Awodele ◽

Chinedum O. Eluogu

Keyword(s):

Elevated Plus Maze ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Mangifera Indica ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Tail Suspension ◽

Swim Test ◽

Plus Maze ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Therapeutic Doses

Abstract:: HeMI (12.5–100 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered 1 h before subjecting the animal to the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and elevated plus maze tests (EPM).: HeMI (12.5–100 mg/kg, p.o.) treatment produced significant reduction in immobility time [F(6.56)=8.35, p<0.001], [F(6,56)=7.55, p<0.001] in the FST and TST, respectively. Moreover, co-administration of sub-therapeutic doses of imipramine or fluoxetine with HeMI (3.125 mg/kg) elicited significant reduction in time spent immobile in the FST. However, pretreatment of mice with parachlorophenylalanine, metergoline, yohimbine or sulpiride abolished the antidepressant-like effect elicited by HeMI. In the EPM, HeMI produced significant [F(5,42)=8.91, p<0.001] increase in open arms exploration by 75.55 % and this effect was blocked by pretreatment of mice with flumazenil or metergoline.: Findings from this study showed antidepressant-like effect of

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NMDA receptors and L-arginine/nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway contribute to the antidepressant-like effect of Yueju pill in mice

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1042/bsr20190524 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Wei Wang ◽

Tong Zhou ◽

Rong Jia ◽

Hailou Zhang ◽

Yi Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Specific Inhibitor ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate ◽

Nmda Receptor Antagonist ◽

No Synthase ◽

Guanosine Monophosphate ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Cgmp Signaling

Abstract The present study aims to evaluate the involvement of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor and nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) system in antidepressant-like effects of Yueju pill (YJ), a Chinese herbal medicine. The immobility time in tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) was used to assess the antidepressant effects. Prior administration of L-arginine (750 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]), a NO synthase substrate that enhances NO signaling or sildenafil (5 mg/kg, i.p.), a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor that enhances cGMP, blunted the antidepressant-like activity of YJ (2.7 g/kg, i.g.). Co-treatment of ineffective dose of YJ (1.35 g/kg, i.g.) with one of the reagents that suppress the NO/cGMP signaling, including methylene blue (10 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of NO synthase; 7-NI (7-nitroinidazole, 30 mg/kg, i.p.), an nNOS specific inhibitor; L-NAME (10 mg/kg, i.p.), a non-specific inhibitor of NO synthase; and MK-801 (0.05 mg/kg, i.p.), an NMDA receptor antagonist, reduced the immobility time in TST and FST, compared with those in vehicle or single drug treatment groups. Neither above drugs alone or co-administrated with YJ affected locomotor activity or anxiety behavior in open field test. Thus, our results suggest that the antidepressant-like action of YJ may depend on the inhibition of NMDA/NO/cGMP pathway.

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Olfactory Bulbectomy Induced Oxidative and Cell Damage in Rat: Protective Effect of Melatonin

Physiological Research ◽

10.33549/physiolres.931684 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 105-112

Author(s):

I Tasset ◽

F J Medina ◽

J Peña ◽

I Jimena ◽

MDC Muñoz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Caspase 3 ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Reduced Glutathione ◽

Cell Damage ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Olfactory Bulbectomy ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Swim Test ◽

Immobility Time ◽

And Behavior

In this study we analyzed the effects of melatonin (Mel, 1 mg/kg ip) on behavioral changes as well as cell and oxidative damage prompted by bilaterally olfactory bulbectomy. Olfactory bulbectomy caused an increase in lipid peroxidation products and caspase-3, whereas it prompted a decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidative enzymes activities. Additionally, olfactory bulbectomy induced behavioral changes characterized by the enhancement of immobility time in the forced swim test and hyperactivity in the open field test. All these changes were normalized by treatment of Mel (14 days). Our data show that Mel has a beneficial neuropsychiatric action against oxidative stress, cell damage and behavior alterations.

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The impact of co-treatment with antidepressants and memantine on the immobility time in the forced swim test and tail suspension test in mice: The role of sigma1 receptors

Pharmacological Reports ◽

10.1016/s1734-1140(13)71383-5 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 65 ◽

pp. 83-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Grażyna Skuza ◽

Witold Sadaj ◽

Marcin Kabziński

Keyword(s):

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Tail Suspension ◽

Swim Test ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Immobility Time ◽

The Impact ◽

Suspension Test

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Effect of diallyl disulfide on lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like behavior in mice

10.21203/rs.2.19757/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Jiashu Lu ◽

Haiyan He ◽

Chao Huang ◽

Zhuo Chen

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Diallyl Disulfide ◽

Oxidative Markers ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Factor Α ◽

And Oxidative Stress ◽

Lps Treatment

Abstract Background: Depression is associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative markers. Inhibition of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress is beneficial for depression prevention and/or therapy. Diallyl disulfide (DADS), an active compound in garlic oil, has been shown to inhibit neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role and mechanism of DADS in lipopolysacharide (LPS)-induced depression-like behaviors in mice.Methods: We used behavioral tests and biochemical analysis to illustrate the role and mechanism of DADS in depression regulation.Results: Similarly to imipramine (10 mg/kg), a clinical antidepressant, DADS (40 or 80 mg/kg), which was administered 1 h before LPS treatment (pre-LPS) or 1.5 h and 23.5 h after LPS treatment (post-LPS), prevented and reversed the LPS (100 μg/kg)-induced increase in immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) in mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that DADS pre-treatment or post-treatment at the dose of 40 and 80 mg/kg prevented and reversed (i) the LPS-induced increases in interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, (ii) the LPS-induced increases in contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), a parameter reflecting high levels of oxidative stress, as well as (iii) the LPS-induced decreases in contents of GSH, a marker reflecting weakened anti-oxidative ability, in both hippocampus and prefrontal cortexes in mice.Conclusions: DADS is comparable to imipramine in effectively ameliorating LPS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice, providing a potential value for DADS in prevention and/or therapy of depression.

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Antidepressant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Vitis vinifera

Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research ◽

10.30750/ijpbr.6.2.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (02) ◽

pp. 01-04

Author(s):

Jyoti Singh ◽

Bishnu Kumar

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Forced Swim Test ◽

Antidepressant Activity ◽

Tail Suspension Test ◽

Tail Suspension ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Swim Test ◽

Forced Swim ◽

Immobility Time ◽

Suspension Test

The present study was determined to evaluate the effect of methnolic extract of Vitis vinifera (MEVV) as well as its interaction with conventional antidepressant drug using tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST) and to evaluate the possible mechanisms involved in its actions. The extract was found to reduce the explorative tendencies of the rats in the tail suspension test and forced swim test the extract caused a significant reduction in immobility time and increased swimming time. The leaf of the plant were collected and authenticated. The methnolic extract of Vitis vinifera (MEVV) showed the significant antidepressant activity comparable to the standard drug. The oral administration of methnolic extract of Vitis vinifera (MEVV) at 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively as compared to the control treated group showed an antidepressant activity comparable to that of standard drug. The antidepressant effects of methnolic extract of Vitis vinifera (MEVV) having a particular quality to be mainly associated with the activation of dopamineergic system and possess potential antidepressant activities.

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