Prevalence of Color Vision Deficiency among Dental Practitioners and its Effect on Shade Matching Ability

Objective: Shade selection is a crucial step in achieving aesthetically-pleasing restorations, and it is affected by the dentist’s ability to match the shade of the patient’s teeth. Color Deficiency Disease (CVD) has been thought to be a potential factor affecting color perception. The study aims to find the prevalence of CVD between dentists and dental students and to evaluate its effect on shade matching ability. Methods: A sample of 319 dentists and dental students in the College of Dentistry at Ajman University, Ajman, UAE was examined with the Ishihara test to find the prevalence of CVD. Then participants with CVD were tested for shade matching ability, and were compared to participants with normal color vision with the same gender and qualification level. They were asked to match 10 random composite samples with different shades to a custom shade guide made from the same composite material. A score was calculated, representing the number of correct answers they achieved. Results: The results showed that 8 out of 143 males (5.6%) had CVD, and 0 out of 176 females had CVD. There was no significant difference in the score of shade matching test between participants with CVD and participants with normal color vision (p=0.075). Conclusion: Males showed a higher prevalence of color vision deficiency than females. CVD had no significant effect on shade matching ability.

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Diagnostic Accuracy of Oral Cancer and Suspicious Malignant Mucosal Changes among Future Dentists

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9030263 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 263

Author(s):

Kamis Gaballah ◽

Asmaa Faden ◽

Fatima Jassem Fakih ◽

Anfal Yousuf Alsaadi ◽

Nadeen Faiz Noshi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cancer ◽

Dental Students ◽

Benign Tumors ◽

Dental Practitioners ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Potentially Malignant Disorders ◽

Potentially Malignant ◽

Recent Graduates ◽

Mucosal Changes ◽

Oral Abnormalities

This study aimed to assess the ability of dental students and recent graduates to detect and recognize mucosal changes that are suggestive of oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders. In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire was administered to dental students and recent graduates of Ajman University (n = 132). Completed questionnaires were received from 84 (63.6%) females and 48 (36.4%) males which included fifth-year students (n = 80), interns (n = 39), and dental practitioners (n = 13). This questionnaire was designed to assess the respondent’s ability to detect and recognize different types of oral lesions, as well as their knowledge of oral cancer appearance and malignancy potential. The overall accuracy of diagnosis was 46%. The participants correctly identified normal variations, benign tumors, malignant tumors, and premalignant lesions at rates of 60.3%, 31.0%, 55.7%, and 33.4%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two genders in their ability to recognize and detect correct answers (females, 48.3%; males, 47.2%). According to education level, interns provided the highest percentage of correct answers (52.5%), followed by newly dental practitioners (51.9%) and fifth-year students (44.1%). Conclusion: The respondents of this survey did not exhibit a satisfactory diagnostic capability in recognizing mucosal changes consistent with the clinical presentation of oral cancer. Thus, a need exists for improved and updated educational methods for undergraduate students regarding oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders. Meanwhile, practitioners should look for oral abnormalities to provide better diagnosis and management. Practitioners should also stay up to date on the oral malignancy topic by attending workshops and clinicopathological conferences.

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Spectral Filter Selection for Increasing Chromatic Diversity in CVD Subjects

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20072023 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 2023 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Miguel Ángel Martínez-Domingo ◽

Eva M. Valero ◽

Luis Gómez-Robledo ◽

Rafael Huertas ◽

Javier Hernández-Andrés

Keyword(s):

Color Vision ◽

Color Blindness ◽

Normal Observer ◽

Computational Simulations ◽

Spectral Filter ◽

Color Vision Deficiency ◽

Spectral Filters ◽

Normal Color Vision ◽

Selection For ◽

Color Filters

This paper analyzes, through computational simulations, which spectral filters increase the number of discernible colors (NODC) of subjects with normal color vision, as well as red–green anomalous trichromats and dichromats. The filters are selected from a set of filters in which we have modeled spectral transmittances. With the selected filters we have carried out simulations performed using the spectral reflectances captured either by a hyperspectral camera or by a spectrometer. We have also studied the effects of these filters on color coordinates. Finally, we have simulated the results of two widely used color blindness tests: Ishihara and Farnsworth–Munsell 100 Hue (FM100). In these analyses the selected filters are compared with the commercial filters from EnChroma and VINO companies. The results show that the increase in NODC with the selected filters is not relevant. The simulation results show that none of these chosen filters help color vision deficiency (CVD) subjects to pass the set of color blindness tests studied. These results obtained using standard colorimetry support the hypothesis that the use of color filters does not cause CVDs to have a perception similar to that of a normal observer.

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Poorer color discrimination by females when tested with pseudoisochromatic plates containing vanishing designs on neutral backgrounds

Visual Neuroscience ◽

10.1017/s0952523808080632 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 501-505 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

RIGMOR C. BARAAS

Keyword(s):

Color Vision ◽

Color Discrimination ◽

Stable Population ◽

Fourth Edition ◽

Color Vision Deficiency ◽

Calculated Frequency ◽

Color Vision Tests ◽

Ishihara Test ◽

Female Carriers

It might be expected that normal trichromatic females would perform as well as normal trichromatic males of the same age when tested with standard clinical color-vision tests that use pseudoisochromatic vanishing designs on neutral gray backgrounds such as the Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) pseudoisochromatic plates and the Neitz Test of Color Vision (NTCV). Here 2966 children aged 6–13 years from four municipalities in Norway were tested in their school classrooms with the NTCV. Children who made errors on the test were retested. 187 males and 152 females made one or more errors on retest, and each was tested individually on the Richmond HRR Fourth Edition. 8% of the males were defined as color deficient when a double criterion for failing was applied, that is, one or more errors on the NTCV and two or more errors on the HRR. The calculated frequency of color-deficient females (homozygotes) for the same criterion is 0.42%. By contrast, 3% of females failed the criterion that gave a stable population of color-deficient males. This result is considered in relation to reports of female carriers of color-vision deficiency having problems with the Ishihara test and of females having poorer color discrimination than males.

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ColourSpot, a novel gamified tablet-based test for accurate diagnosis of color vision deficiency in young children

Behavior Research Methods ◽

10.3758/s13428-021-01622-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Teresa Tang ◽

Leticia Álvaro ◽

James Alvarez ◽

John Maule ◽

Alice Skelton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Color Vision ◽

Validation Cohort ◽

Accurate Diagnosis ◽

Control Group ◽

Discovery Cohort ◽

Color Vision Deficiency ◽

Independent Validation ◽

Fitting Procedure ◽

Ishihara Test ◽

High Level

AbstractThere is a need for a straightforward, accessible and accurate pediatric test for color vision deficiency (CVD). We present and evaluate ColourSpot, a self-administered, gamified and color calibrated tablet-based app, which diagnoses CVD from age 4. Children tap colored targets with saturations that are altered adaptively along the three dichromatic confusion lines. Two cohorts (Total, N = 772; Discovery, N = 236; Validation, N = 536) of 4–7-year-old boys were screened using the Ishihara test for Unlettered Persons and the Neitz Test of Color Vision. ColourSpot was evaluated by testing any child who made an error on the Ishihara Unlettered test alongside a randomly selected control group who made no errors. Psychometric functions were fit to the data and “threshold ratios” were calculated as the ratio of tritan to protan or deutan thresholds. Based on the threshold ratios derived using an optimal fitting procedure that best categorized children in the discovery cohort, ColourSpot showed a sensitivity of 1.00 and a specificity of 0.97 for classifying CVD against the Ishihara Unlettered in the independent validation cohort. ColourSpot was also able to categorize individuals with ambiguous results on the Ishihara Unlettered. Compared to the Ishihara Unlettered, the Neitz Test generated an unacceptably high level of false positives. ColourSpot is an accurate test for CVD, which could be used by anyone to diagnose CVD in children from the start of their education. ColourSpot could also have a wider impact: its interface could be adapted for measuring other aspects of children’s visual performance.

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THE EFFECT OF EYE DOMINANCE IN COLOR PERCEPTION AMONG DENTAL STUDENTS WITH NORMAL COLOR VISION

Alexandria Dental Journal ◽

10.21608/adjalexu.2020.20707.1010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

pp. 0-0

Author(s):

Heba Elghorab ◽

Ihab Hammad ◽

Amir Azer ◽

mohamed nassif

Keyword(s):

Color Vision ◽

Color Perception ◽

Dental Students ◽

Eye Dominance ◽

Normal Color Vision

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In vitro study about the abutment axial wall’s convergence

Acta Stomatologica Marisiensis Journal ◽

10.2478/asmj-2020-0004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 269-274

Author(s):

Diana Cerghizan ◽

Adriana Crăciun ◽

Aurița Albu ◽

Monica Baloș ◽

Kinga Mária Jánosi

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Study ◽

Dental Students ◽

Practical Skills ◽

Or Education ◽

Dental Practitioners ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Low Visibility ◽

Tooth Preparation ◽

Working Day

AbstractIntroduction: The total convergence of the axial walls is the angle made between the opposing axial walls of an abutment. The lower the taper value, the better the retention of the crowns is. Obtaining a proper convergence of the axial wall is a challenge for dental practitioners due to limited access and low visibility, but it also greatly depends on the clinician’s practical skills.This study aims to compare the total convergence of axial walls obtained after tooth preparation done by different experience practitioners in various positions of the patient and different working time (different days of the week, various parts of the day).Materials and methods: To perform this study, 40 acrylate model teeth have been prepared by two last year dental students and two prosthetists. All of them performed two teeth preparations per day in every working day of a week. All the prepared teeth have been photographed, and digitally measured.Results: The extremely statistically significant difference was found in the two beginners’ case, the values of the second beginner being much higher, as in the two experienced operators, where the values are higher for the second prosthetist.Conclusion: The total convergence of the axial wall did not depend on the operators’ experience or education level.

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Stereoacuity of Black-White and Red-Green Patterns in Individuals with and without Color Deficiency

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2018/1926736 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-4 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ying Sun ◽

Huang Wu ◽

Yinghong Qiu ◽

Zhiqiang Yue

Keyword(s):

Color Vision ◽

Test System ◽

Influential Factor ◽

Rank Test ◽

Chromatic Contrast ◽

Normal Color Vision ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Signed Rank Test ◽

Color Deficiency ◽

The Difference

Background. Chromatic contrast may affect stereopsis. Daltonism is a common color deficiency in which the colors red and green are incorrectly detected. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stereoacuity of color-defective individuals presented with color symbols that they see defectively. Methods. Ten students diagnosed with daltonism and 10 students with normal color vision were recruited. A stereopsis test system using a phoropter and two 4K smartphones was used. Contour-based graphs and random-dot graphs with black versus white and red versus green patterns were used as test symbols. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to test the difference between groups. Results. No significant difference in stereoacuity was found between contour-based and random-dot graphs within both daltonism cohort and normal color vision cohort (P>0.05). A significant difference in stereoacuity was found between the black-white (P=0.005) and red-green (P=0.007) graphs for the daltonism cohort, while no significant difference in stereoacuity was found for the normal color vision cohort (P>0.05). Conclusion. Chromatic contrast is an influential factor for stereopsis measurement in individuals with color deficiency.

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Level of Visual Acuity Necessary to Avoid False-Positives on the HRR and Ishihara Color Vision Tests

European Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.5301/ejo.5000855 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 363-366 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jason S. Ng ◽

Brian Shih

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Color Vision ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

False Positives ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Color Vision Tests ◽

Ishihara Test ◽

Distance Difference ◽

Variance Testing ◽

Optical Defocus

Purpose Minimizing false-positives (FPs) when evaluating color vision is important in eye care. Identification of plate 1 (demonstration plate) is often considered a way to avoid FPs. However, few studies have quantified the minimum level of visual acuity (VA) that would minimize FPs for the Ishihara and HRR color tests. Methods Threshold levels of optical defocus were obtained from 25 color normal subjects. Blur levels were obtained for Ishihara (38 plate) plates 1, 10, and 15 and 4th edition HRR plates 1, 7, 10, and 20 using the method of limits. Corresponding VAs were measured through these blur levels at 40 centimeters after adjusting for the dioptric distance difference. Analysis of variance testing was used to analyze the data. Results Mean optical defocus values in diopters (mean ± SD) for HRR plates 1, 7, 10, and 20 were 6.23 ± 1.61, 1.23 ± 1.16, 2.41 ± 1.31, and 7.96 ± 2.03, respectively, and for Ishihara plates 1, 10, and 15 were 5.70 ± 1.52, 3.68 ± 1.71, and 4.62 ± 1.56, respectively. There was a significant difference between the screening and demonstration plates for both tests (p<0.001). Conclusions Based on the plate in each test that was found to be the least tolerant to blur, the average minimum VAs needed to identify the screening plates were approximately 20/180 for the Ishihara test and 20/50 for the HRR test. Identifying the demonstration plate in the Ishihara and HRR tests does not ensure FPs will be avoided.

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Measurement of Clinicians' Ability to Hand Torque Dental Implant Components

Journal of Oral Implantology ◽

10.1563/1548-1336-35.4.185 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 185-188 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ali Kanawati ◽

Mark W. Richards ◽

Jeffery J. Becker ◽

Natalie E. Monaco

Keyword(s):

Dental Implant ◽

Dental Students ◽

Male Students ◽

Torque Measurement ◽

Maximum Torque ◽

Average Maximum ◽

Dental Practitioners ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Implant Dentistry ◽

Torque Values

Abstract There is a varying degree of hand torque abilities using finger drivers among clinicians. Calibrating one's own abilities requires complicated instruments not readily available. This study evaluated a simple-to-use method that allows dental practitioners to have a quantifiable clinical assessment of relative torque ability using finger drivers to torque down dental implant components. A typodont that includes dental implants was mounted in a mannequin placed in a patient-reclined position. The subjects were asked to torque as tightly as they could a new healing abutment to an implant secured firmly in resin within the typodont. All participants wore moistened gloves when using a finger driver. The healing abutment was countertorqued using a certified precalibrated precision torque measurement device. The reading on the torque driver was recorded when the healing abutment disengaged. An average of torque values of dentists and dental students was calculated. Fifty subjects had an average maximum torque ability of 24 Ncm (male dentists: 28 Ncm; students: 22 Ncm; male students: 24 Ncm; female students: 19 Ncm). Maximum torque values for all participants ranged from 11 Ncm to 38 Ncm. There was no significant difference between groups. This study showed a varying degree of hand torquing abilities using a finger driver. Clinicians should regularly calibrate their ability to torque implant components to more predictably perform implant dentistry. Dental implant manufacturers should more precisely instruct clinicians as to maximum torque, as opposed to “finger tighten only.”

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Cultural Competence of Australian Dental Students

10.21203/rs.3.rs-54665/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rodrigo Mariño ◽

Julie Satur ◽

Eren Tuncer ◽

Megan Tran ◽

Elizabeth Milford ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Cultural Competence ◽

Linguistically Diverse ◽

Dental Students ◽

Future Research ◽

Culturally Competent ◽

Dental Surgery ◽

Dental Practitioners ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The University

Abstract Background: Australia possesses a highly multicultural demographic, and thus dental practitioners are likely to encounter culturally and linguistically diverse individuals regularly. It is important for dental practitioners to be culturally competent, however, cultural competency education is highly variable in the curricula of dentistry and oral health courses in Australia, and research is largely limited to dentistry students. This study aims to investigate and compare perceived attitudes, beliefs and practices of cultural competence amongst first and final year Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) and Bachelor of Oral Health (BOH) students at the University of Melbourne Dental School.Methods: Following ethics approval, anonymous questionnaires were completed by 213 participants. The questionnaire was adapted from Schwarz’s Healthcare Provider Cultural Competence Instrument (HPCCI) and consisted of five scales. Data was analysed using SPSS V 24.0 software.Results: A total of 213 students participated in this study (response rate = 88%) The majority of participants were female (n=114, 53.5%) and the mean age of 23.5 years (range 18 - 40). The majority of participants were Australian born (n=110) with 74.6 percent (n=159) first generation Australians. Participants who identified as Australian represented 35.7 percent (n=76) with 66.1 percent (n=141) identified as partly Australian. Multivariate analysis indicated that, after controlling for other independent variables in the model, those who had the highest cultural competence score were female, who self-identify as “Australian”, who were in the final year. Furthermore, those who were in the final BOH year scored significatively higher than final year DDS students.Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that there is a significant difference in students self-reported cultural competence at different stages of their education. This may be attributed to differences in cultural competence education, scope of practice and the type of patient encounters that students may experience. Future research should involve follow up to create longitudinal data, as well as research at other dental schools in Australia and overseas.

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