scholarly journals composer phenomenon in a historical retrospect of an authorship idea formation in European musical culture of the middle ages

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 284-302
Author(s):  
Iryna Yu Konovalova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
European Culture ◽  
Historical Retrospect ◽  
Idea Formation ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article is devoted to comprehension of specifics and formation prerequisites of composer’s and musical authorship phenomena historical formation in European culture of the Middle Ages. Genesis of composer’s phenomenon and individual musical authorship model is considered on the basis of historical, socio-cultural and aesthetic-artistic transformations, on awareness about their dynamic’s tendencies and general cultural institutionalization of an authorship phenomenon, as well as on an increasing role of individual creativity in an artistic realm. It is stated that multi-ethnic and anonymous culture of oral tradition, folklore and Christian singing practices, as well as instrumental improvisation’s traditions, became spiritual sources of this phenomena and turn into a strong foundation of musical professionalism and creative impulse for European authorial music evolution. It is emphasized that process of composer’s formation as a creativity subject and musical professionalism carrier was stimulated by the necessity of everyday vocal-choral practice, conditioned by the spiritual context of time, by intention on theocentric world’s picture and religious – Christian outlook dominance. Significant role of secular direction development in the context of music-author’s discourse formation and composer’s figure assertion in the late Middle Ages is highlighted. 

scholarly journals Geographical Descriptions of Spain in Latin Medieval Encyclopaedias: From Isidore of Seville to Vincent of Beauvais (VII-XIII c.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Leszek Wojciechowski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Repeated Word ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Isidore Of Seville ◽  
Contemporary Situation ◽  
Contemporary Spain ◽  
The Middle Ages ◽  
Roman Spain

The article discusses the problem of reception of the description of Spain contained in the Etymologies by Isidore of Seville in Latin medieval encyclopaedias, on the background of the development of the medieval encyclopaedic trend. The etymological-geographical description of his homeland was placed by Isidore in book 14 of his work (14, 4, 28-30). This portrayal was “supplemented” in other places in the Etymologies, among other things, with an etymological-ethnographical aspect (9, 2, 109-114). When presenting Spain, Isidore based his work on works from the Antiquity. He showed mainly a Roman Spain, with few references to the contemporary situation of the country under Gothic rule. In later encyclopaedias, in which geographical sections are present, Isidore’s description of Spain is used to a varied extent. It was either repeated (Raban Maur, Vincent of Beauvais), and shortened, with minor modifications (Honorius Augustodunensis), or combined with information found in, for example, the work of Orosius (Historiae: Historiarum adversum paganos libri VII). In the latter case, the combined whole was still updated (with certain selected facts concerning contemporary Spain). Such descriptions were placed in the works of Gervase of Tilbury and Bartholomeus Anglicus. It should be noted that Gervase of Tilbury added to the presentation of Spain a fragment illustrating its division into archbishoprics and bishoprics. A comparison of medieval encyclopaedic descriptions of Spain written before the middle of the XIIIth century – that is, before the encyclopaedia Speculum maius was compiled, it can be claimed that each of them drew on the description placed in book 14 of the Etymologies; in Speculum maius, the greatest encyclopaedia of the Middle Ages, in its part entitled Speculum historiale, this description was repeated word for word, as mentioned above. It may said, that despite new descriptions of Spain (formulated in the first half of the XIIIth c. by Gervase of Tilbury and Bartholomeus Anglicus), the portrayal drawn by Isidore of Seville maintained its “validity”, as it were. Taking into account the outstanding role of medieval encyclopaedic works in the dissemination of knowledge in this epoch, it may also be claimed that the Spain of that time was perceived (at least till the middle of the XIIIth century) “through the eyes of Isidore” (this fact has its reflection in the cartography of the time). It remains to be seen how this picture changed (and if it changed for good) in the late Middle Ages.

Body preservation in the Middle Ages: natural and artificial mummies

1970 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Bonis
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Burial Site ◽  
The Public ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Public Exposure ◽  
The Middle Ages

This research focuses on cases of natural and artificial mummification from the Early to Late Middle Ages in Italy and Europe. Particular attention is placed on the bodies of saints, popes and kings which – for devotional or practical purposes, such as the public exposure of the bodies – required embalming. Natural mummies are primarily represented by the bodies of saints. Relics – parts of the mummified bodies – also were researched. The phenomena of burial site expansion, as well as heart tombs, were studied in depth. These showed changes in funerary ceremonial practices (double funerals, funerary effigies) and methods of cadaver treatment (dismemberment, boiling, heart exerisis). The policy of the Papacy in response to the distribution of these practices – as exemplified in the Bull Detestandae feritatis abusum of Bonifacio VIII (1299) – is further analyzed. Finally, a note of interest: the role of the mummia in the pharmacopoeia of the Middle Ages and subsequent centuries.

Inspiration and Authority in the Middle Ages

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian FitzGerald
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Natural Form ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Divine Inspiration ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Natural Forms ◽  
Literary Practices ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

Inspiration and Authority rethinks the role of prophecy in the Middle Ages by examining how professional theologians responded to new assertions of divine inspiration. The book argues that the task of defining prophetic authority became a crucial intellectual and cultural enterprise as university-trained theologians confronted prophetic claims from lay mystics, radical Franciscans, and other unprecedented visionaries. In the process, these theologians redescribed their own activities as prophetic by locating inspiration not in special predictions or ecstatic visions but in natural forms of understanding and in the daily work of ecclesiastical teaching and ministry. Instead of containing the spread of prophetic privilege, however, scholastic assessments of prophecy from Peter Lombard and Thomas Aquinas to Peter John Olivi and Nicholas Trevet opened space for claims of divine insight to proliferate beyond the control of theologians. The book ends with the examination of an early fourteenth-century debate in Padua between a Dominican theologian and the lay Italian humanist Albertino Mussato regarding the nature of poetry, prophecy, and sacred authority. This debate, the first of many similar ones over the course of that century, shows how the promotion of a more natural form of prophecy helped lay humanists on the cusp of the Renaissance stake their claims to prophetic inspiration on their intellectual powers and literary practices. These conflicts reveal medieval clerics, scholars, and reformers reshaping the contours of religious authority, the boundaries of sanctity and sacred texts, and the relationship of tradition to the new voices of the Late Middle Ages.

Harry Potter e Bestiários: A fênix enquanto representação do “Salvador”

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Dandriel Henrique Da Silva Borges
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Harry Potter ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Fantastic ◽  
The Phoenix ◽  
The Middle Ages

em diferentes tempos: durante o final do Medievo (na cronologia da Europa Ocidental), no entorno do século XII, e na contemporaneidade, retratada pelo universo cinematográfico da saga Harry Potter. Para entender seu papel no medievo serão analisadas versões traduzidas para o inglês de dois bestiários datados do entorno do século XII, Book of Beasts e Aberdeen Bestiary, enquanto sua representação contemporânea será analisada a partir de cenas dos seguintes filmes: Harry Potter e a Câmara Secreta, Harry Potter e a Ordem da Fênix e Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte: Parte 2. A partir do entendimento do papel social das narrativas sobre essa figura no final da Idade Média serão então traçados paralelos com o que fora retratado nos filmes, buscando analisar se houve a reapropriação de suas características e funções.Palavras-chaves: Harry Potter, Bestiários, Book of Beasts e Aberdeen BestiaryAbstractThis paper proposes to make an analysis of how the fantastic figure of the phoenix had been worked at different times: during the end of Middle Ages (in Western European chronology), around the twelfth century, and contemporaneously, portrayed by the cinematographic universe of the Harry Potter saga. In order to understand its role in the Middle Ages, versions translated into English of two bestiaries dated from the twelfth century will be analyzed, Book of Beasts and Aberdeen Bestiary, while their contemporary representation will be analyzed from scenes from the following films: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2. From the understanding of the social role of the narratives about this figure in the late Middle Ages a parallel will be drawn to what was portrayed in the films, seeking to analyze whether there was a reappropriation of its characteristics and functions.Keywords: Harry Potter, Bestiaries, Book of Beasts e Aberdeen Bestiary

scholarly journals Ustawodawstwo szkolne soborów od XII do pierwszej połowy XIV w. i początki jego recepcji w średniowiecznej Polsce - zarys problemu

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Ratajczak
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Educational Needs ◽  
Contemporary Society ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Legislative Activity ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

The aim of the paper is an analysis of a broadly understood legislation of general councils which took place in an important period for the development of the then educational system and culture - at the height of the Middle Ages (12th-13th c.). While analysing the written records of synodal and council acts, several interesting aspects can be considered: the regulations related to the education of clergy (the diocesan ones, as the same issues concerning monastic orders were regulated by the inner legislation of general chapters), the organization of schools and teaching programmes, the records telling about the moralizing influence on the community of the faithful, and finally, the attitude of the Church toward the question of general access to education, including the functioning of universities. The presented study demonstrates a significant role of ecclesiastical school legislation for the development of the educational system in mediaeval Poland. Also, it can be noticed that all changes in this matter were the result of legislative activity of the Church but also responded to the educational needs of the contemporary society. The latter, in turn, stemmed from a general civilizational development of Latin Europe, the part of which were the lands being under the rule of the Piast dynasty.

Forma Dat Esse

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-446
Author(s):  
Sylvain Roudaut
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
De Trinitate ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

Abstract This paper offers an overview of the history of the axiom forma dat esse, which was commonly quoted during the Middle Ages to describe formal causality. The first part of the paper studies the origin of this principle, and recalls how the ambiguity of Boethius’s first formulation of it in the De Trinitate was variously interpreted by the members of the School of Chartres. Then, the paper examines the various declensions of the axiom that existed in the late Middle Ages, and shows how its evolution significantly follows the progressive decline of the Aristotelian model of formal causality.

MARCEL PAGNOL'S THE BAKER'S WIFE, A CINEMATIC CHARIVARI IN POPULAR FRONT FRANCE

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRETT BOWLES
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Popular Front ◽  
Partisan Politics ◽  
National Union ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of

Taking an anthropological approach, this article interprets Pagnol's critically acknowledged classic as a reinvention of a carnivalesque ritual practised in France from the late middle ages through the late 1930s, when ethnographers observed its last vestiges. By linking La Femme du boulanger (The baker's wife, 1938) to contemporaneous debates over gender, national decadence, and the definition of French cultural identity, I argue that the film recycles the charivari's long-standing function as a tool of popular protest against social and political practices regarded as detrimental to the welfare of the nation. In the context of the Popular Front, Pagnol's charivari ridiculed divisive partisan politics pitting Left against Right, symbolically purged class conflict from the social body, and created a new form of folklore that served as a focal point for the communitarian ritual of movie-going among the urban working and middle classes. In so doing, the film promoted the ongoing shift in public support away from the Popular Front in favour of a conservative ‘National Union’ government under Prime Minister Edouard Daladier, who in 1938–9 assumed the role of France's newest political patriarch.

scholarly journals The evolution of the hospital from antiquity to the end of the middle ages

Curationis ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Cilliers ◽  
F.P. Retief
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Nursing Facilities ◽  
The Public ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Specialized Institutions ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Middle Ages

The evolution of the hospital is traced from its onset in ancient Mesopotamia towards the end of the 2nd millennium to the end of the Middle Ages. Reference is made to institutionalised health care facilities in India as early as the 5th century BC, and with the spread of Buddhism to the east, to nursing facilities, the nature and function of which are not known to us, in Sri Lanka, China and South East Asia. Special attention is paid to the situation in the Graeco-Roman era: one would expect to find the origin of the hospital in the modem sense of the word in Greece, the birthplace of rational medicine in the 4th century BC, but the Hippocratic doctors paid house-calls, and the temples of Asclepius were visited for incubation sleep and magico-religious treatment. In Roman times the military and slave hospitals which existed since the 1st century AD, were built for a specialized group and not for the public, and were therefore also not precursors of the modem hospital. It is to the Christians that one must turn for the origin of the modem hospital. Hospices, initially built to shelter pilgrims and messengers between various bishops, were under Christian control developed into hospitals in the modem sense of the word. In Rome itself, the first hospital was built in the 4th century AD by a wealthy penitent widow, Fabiola. In the early Middle Ages (6th to 10th century), under the influence of the Benedictine Order, an infirmary became an established part of every monastery. During the late Middle Ages (beyond the 10th century) monastic infirmaries continued to expand, but public hospitals were also opened, financed by city authorities, the church and private sources. Specialized institutions, like leper houses, also originated at this time. During the Golden Age of Islam the Muslim world was clearly more advanced than its Christian counterpart with magnificent hospitals in various countries.

Gelehrte Autorität und die Ordnung der Dinge. Über Wissen, Macht und die Vermessung der Wirklichkeit im Mittelalter

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-66
Author(s):  
Marcel Bubert
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Organizing Principles ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractAlthough the medieval period was not part of Michel Foucault’s seminal study on ‘The Order of Things’, there are good reasons to believe that the learned cultures of the Middle Ages were to a certain degree based on specific epistemic orders, general organizing principles which were unconsciously presupposed in concepts of reality. Nevertheless, the extent as to which these concepts are in fact committed to the assumption of a metaphysically determined measuring of reality, is not altogether clear. This article aims to discuss this question in general, based on recent views of the role of the ‘subject’ in epistemic orders.

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