scholarly journals Inzichten uit onderzoek naar kinderen met een familiair risico op dyslexie

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. De Jong ◽  
Aryan Van der Leij
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Onderzoek Naar ◽  
Maar Daar

Al langer is bekend dat dyslexie in families voorkomt. Kinderen met een ouder met dyslexie hebben een grotere kans om ook lees- en spellingproblemen te ontwikkelen. In familiaire risico (FR) studies naar dyslexie worden kinderen met familiair risico op dyslexie voor langere tijd gevolgd. Dergelijke studies geven interessante inzichten over de oorzaken en ontwikkeling van dyslexie. In Nederland is recent een grootschalige FR-studie afgerond, het Dutch Dyslexia Program. In deze bijdrage gaan we in op de bevindingen die dit onderzoek heeft opgeleverd op een tweetal terreinen. In de eerste plaats zijn er bevindingen over de verschillen tussen FR- kinderen met en zonder dyslexie, en controle kinderen zonder familiair risico. Zoals verwacht, hadden de FR-kinderen met dyslexie een achterstand op een scala aan leesgerelateerde cognitieve factoren. Interessant was dat ze ook een wat hoger familiair risico hadden dan de FR-kinderen zonder dyslexie: hun ouders lazen nog wat slechter. De FR-kinderen zonder dyslexie hadden milde problemen met lezen en spellen en een kleine achterstand op de voorlopers van het lezen. Het tweede terrein betreft bevindingen over de invloed van FR op de ontwikkeling van geletterdheid, technisch en begrijpend lezen. Kinderen werden gevolgd vanaf 4-jarige leeftijd tot ongeveer 12 jaar, halverwege groep 8. In longitudinaal perspectief had een familiair risico een negatieve invloed op de ontwikkeling van technisch en begrijpend lezen. De invloed op technisch lezen liep gedeeltelijk via de voorlopers van het lezen, maar daar kwam nog een direct effect bij. Onverwacht, bleek familiair risico ook een direct effect op begrijpend lezen in groep 8 te hebben. Familiair risico had geen effect op de ontwikkeling van de woordenschat, naast technisch lezen de andere pijler van begrijpend lezen. De theoretische en praktische betekenis van deze bevindingen worden besproken.

Facial Likability and Smiling Enhance Cooperation, but Have No Direct Effect on Moralistic Punishment

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 263-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Mieth ◽  
Raoul Bell ◽  
Axel Buchner
Keyword(s):  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma Game ◽  
Costly Punishment ◽  
Prisoner's Dilemma Game ◽  
Moralistic Punishment

Abstract. The present study serves to test how positive and negative appearance-based expectations affect cooperation and punishment. Participants played a prisoner’s dilemma game with partners who either cooperated or defected. Then they were given a costly punishment option: They could spend money to decrease the payoffs of their partners. Aggregated over trials, participants spent more money for punishing the defection of likable-looking and smiling partners compared to punishing the defection of unlikable-looking and nonsmiling partners, but only because participants were more likely to cooperate with likable-looking and smiling partners, which provided the participants with more opportunities for moralistic punishment. When expressed as a conditional probability, moralistic punishment did not differ as a function of the partners’ facial likability. Smiling had no effect on the probability of moralistic punishment, but punishment was milder for smiling in comparison to nonsmiling partners.

Buffering and direct effect of posttraumatic growth in predicting distress following cancer.

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 549-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Wei-Ting Wang ◽  
Cheng-Shyong Chang ◽  
Shou-Tung Chen ◽  
Dar-Ren Chen ◽  
Fang Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Growth ◽  
Direct Effect

Ticlopidine and Clopidogrel (SR 25990C) Selectively Neutralize ADP Inhibition of PGE1-Activated Platelet Adenylate Cyclase in Rats and Rabbits

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (02) ◽  
pp. 186-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Defreyn ◽  
C Gachet ◽  
P Savi ◽  
F Driot ◽  
J P Cazenave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Adenylate Cyclase ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Cyclic Nucleotide ◽  
Camp Accumulation ◽  
Rabbit Platelets ◽  
Camp Levels ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Camp Elevation ◽  
Rat Platelets

SummaryTiclopidine and its potent analogue, clopidogrel, are powerful inhibitors of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. In order to improve the understanding of this ADP-selectivity, we studied the effect of these compounds on PGE1-stimulated adenylate cyclase and on the inhibition of this enzyme by ADP, epinephrine and thrombin. Neither drug changed the basal cAMP levels nor the kinetics of cAMP accumulation upon PGEj-stimulation in rat or rabbit platelets, which excludes any direct effect on adenylate cyclase or on cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. However, the drop in cAMP levels observed after addition of ADP to PGEr stimulated control platelets was inhibited in platelets from treated animals. In contrast, the drop in cAMP levels produced by epinephrine was not prevented by either drug in rabbit platelets. In rat platelets, thrombin inhibited the PGEX-induced cAMP elevation but this effect seems to be entirely mediated by the released ADP. Under these conditions, it was not surprising to find that clopidogrel also potently inhibited that effect of thrombin on platelet adenylate cyclase. In conclusion, ticlopidine and clopidogrel selectively neutralize the ADP inhibition of PGEr activated platelet adenylate cyclase in rats and rabbits.

Superoxide, Xanthine Oxidase and Platelet Reactions: Further Studies on Mechanisms by which Oxidants Influence Platelets

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (03) ◽  
pp. 290-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H Levine ◽  
Danielle G Sladdin ◽  
Norman I Krinsky
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Release Reaction

SummaryIn the course of studying the effects on platelets of the oxidant species superoxide (O- 2), Of was generated by the interaction of xanthine oxidase plus xanthine. Surprisingly, gel-filtered platelets, when exposed to xanthine oxidase in the absence of xanthine substrate, were found to generate superoxide (O- 2), as determined by the reduction of added cytochrome c and by the inhibition of this reduction in the presence of superoxide dismutase.In addition to generating Of, the xanthine oxidase-treated platelets display both aggregation and evidence of the release reaction. This xanthine oxidase induced aggreagtion is not inhibited by the addition of either superoxide dismutase or cytochrome c, suggesting that it is due to either a further metabolite of O- 2, or that O- 2 itself exerts no important direct effect on platelet function under these experimental conditions. The ability of Of to modulate platelet reactions in vivo or in vitro remains in doubt, and xanthine oxidase is an unsuitable source of O- 2 in platelet studies because of its own effects on platelets.

THE INFLUENCE OF 17α-METHYL-19-NORTESTOSTERONE ON THE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (III) ◽  
pp. 388-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. Huis in 't Veld ◽  
B. Louwerens ◽  
P. A. F. van der Spek
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Endocrine Function ◽  
List Type ◽  
Prolonged Administration ◽  
Acth Secretion ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
Normal Males

ABSTRACT In two male patients and two castrated males, the influence of corticotrophin (ACTH) on the urinary excretion of neutral 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids was determined before and during a period in which patients were treated with 5 mg 17α-methyl-19-nortestosterone (MNT) daily. In two castrated males, moreover, the influence of chorionic gonadotrophin and ACTH + chorionic gonadotrophin on the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids was determined before and during a period of treatment with 5 mg MNT daily. Prolonged administration of MNT causes a decrease in the urinary excretion of neutral 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids both in the normal males and in the male castrates. ACTH caused an increase in the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids before and during MNT administration. During MNT administration this increase (expressed in mg/24 hours) was ≤ the increase produced by the same dose of ACTH prior to MNT administration. In two male castrates treated with MNT, chorionic gonadotrophin caused no increase in the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids. The effect obtained before and during MNT administration by administration of ACTH + chorionic gonadotrophin did not exceed the effect obtained by the same dose of ACTH alone. Our conclusion is that the effect of MNT on the excretion of adrenocortical steroids is not due to the inhibition of the ACTH secretion. The possibility of a direct effect of MNT on the adrenal cortex has not been excluded with complete certainty. A change in the corticosteroid metabolism due to the influence of MNT, however, must also be taken into consideration.

TAPER-AD: onderzoek naar afbouwen van antidepressiva

De Psychiater ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Elke van Riel
Keyword(s):  
Onderzoek Naar
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