scholarly journals The Effect of Different Locations of Simulated Central Vision Scotoma on Quality of Reading

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Noor Halilah Buari ◽  
Muhammad Zahir Nur-Zahirah
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Central Scotoma ◽  
Central Vision ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Text Reading ◽  
Printed Text ◽  
Extract Information

As a person read, the eyes move to extract information from the printed text. Reading became disturbed when obstructed by the scotoma. The effect of reading and eye movement were investigated between different locations of simulated central vision scotoma. The time to read the text and the eye movements were recorded and tracked among eleven participants. The reading speed showed a significant difference at different locations of central scotoma simulation. The presence of central scotoma affects the quality of reading as the eye moved slowly during reading in order to comprehend the text.

scholarly journals Reading eye movements performance on iPad vs print using a visagraph

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Feis ◽  
Amanda Lallensack ◽  
Elizabeth Pallante ◽  
Melanie Nielsen ◽  
Nicole Demarco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Movement Characteristics ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Printed Text

This study investigated reading comprehension, reading speed, and the quality of eye movements while reading on an iPad, as compared to printed text. 31 visually-normal subjects were enrolled. Two of the passages were read from the Visagraph standardized text on iPad and Print. Eye movement characteristics and comprehension were evaluated. Mean (SD) fixation duration was significantly longer with the iPad at 270 ms (40) compared to the printed text (p=0.04) at 260 ms (40). Subjects’ mean reading rates were significantly lower on the iPad at 294 words per minute (wpm) than the printed text at 318 wpm (p=0.03). The mean (SD) overall reading duration was significantly (p=0.02) slower on the iPad that took 31 s (9.3) than the printed text at 28 s (8.0). Overall reading performance is lower with an iPad than printed text in normal individuals. These findings might be more consequential in children and adult slower readers when they read using iPads.  

scholarly journals Incremental comprehension of pitch relationships in written music: Evidence from eye movements

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren V Hadley ◽  
Patrick Sturt ◽  
Tuomas Eerola ◽  
Martin J Pickering
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Sight Reading ◽  
Harmonic Structure ◽  
Movement Behaviour ◽  
Prior Context ◽  
Concurrent Performance ◽  
Text Reading ◽  
Processing Difficulty ◽  
Structural Processing

To investigate how proficient pianists comprehend pitch relationships in written music when they first encounter it, we conducted two experiments in which proficient pianists’ eyes were tracked while they read and played single-line melodies. In Experiment 1, participants played at their own speed; in Experiment 2, they played with an external metronome. The melodies were either congruent or anomalous, with the anomaly involving one bar being shifted in pitch to alter the implied harmonic structure (e.g. non-resolution of a dominant). In both experiments, anomaly led to rapid disruption in participants’ eye movements in terms of regressions from the target bar, indicating that pianists process written pitch relationships online. This is particularly striking because in musical sight-reading, eye movement behaviour is constrained by the concurrent performance. Both experiments also showed that anomaly induced pupil dilation. Together, these results indicate that proficient pianists rapidly integrate the music that they read into the prior context and that anomalies in terms of pitch relationships lead to processing difficulty. These findings parallel those of text reading, suggesting that structural processing involves similar constraints across domains.

scholarly journals Biosignal-Based Attention Monitoring to Support Nuclear Operator Safety-Relevant Tasks

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung Hwan Kim ◽  
Chul Min Kim ◽  
Eun-Soo Jung ◽  
Man-Sung Yim
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Remote Measurement ◽  
Nuclear Operator ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Operator Safety

In the main control room (MCR) of a nuclear power plant (NPP), the quality of an operator's performance can depend on their level of attention to the task. Insufficient operator attention accounted for more than 26% of the total causes of human errors and is the highest category for errors. It is therefore necessary to check whether operators are sufficiently attentive either as supervisors or peers during reactor operation. Recently, digital control technologies have been introduced to the operating environment of an NPP MCR. These upgrades are expected to enhance plant and operator performance. At the same time, because personal computers are used in the advanced MCR, the operators perform more cognitive works than physical work. However, operators may not consciously check fellow operators' attention in this environment indicating potentially higher importance of the role of operator attention. Therefore, remote measurement of an operator's attention in real time would be a useful tool, providing feedback to supervisors. The objective of this study is to investigate the development of quantitative indicators that can identify an operator's attention, to diagnose or detect a lack of operator attention thus preventing potential human errors in advanced MCRs. To establish a robust baseline of operator attention, this study used two of the widely used biosignals: electroencephalography (EEG) and eye movement. We designed an experiment to collect EEG and eye movements of the subjects who were monitoring and diagnosing nuclear operator safety-relevant tasks. There was a statistically significant difference between biosignals with and without appropriate attention. Furthermore, an average classification accuracy of about 90% was obtained by the k-nearest neighbors and support vector machine classifiers with a few EEG and eye movements features. Potential applications of EEG and eye movement measures in monitoring and diagnosis tasks in an NPP MCR are also discussed.

scholarly journals The Effect of Eye Movements in Response to Different Types of Scenes Using a Graph-Based Visual Saliency Algorithm

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Wahid ◽  
Asim Waris ◽  
Syed Omer Gilani ◽  
Ramanathan Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Video Clip ◽  
Visual Saliency ◽  
Visual Objects ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Visual Saliency Model ◽  
Visual Saliency Models

Saliency is the quality of an object that makes it stands out from neighbouring items and grabs viewer attention. Regarding image processing, it refers to the pixel or group of pixels that stand out in an image or a video clip and capture the attention of the viewer. Our eye movements are usually guided by saliency while inspecting a scene. Rapid detection of emotive stimuli an ability possessed by humans. Visual objects in a scene are also emotionally salient. As different images and clips can elicit different emotional responses in a viewer such as happiness or sadness, there is a need to measure these emotions along with visual saliency. This study was conducted to determine whether the existing available visual saliency models can also measure emotional saliency. A classical Graph-Based Visual Saliency (GBVS) model is used in the study. Results show that there is low saliency or salient features in sad movies with at least a significant difference of 0.05 between happy and sad videos as well as a large mean difference of 76.57 and 57.0, hence making these videos less emotionally salient. However, overall visual content does not capture emotional salience. The applied Graph-Based Visual Saliency model notably identified happy emotions but could not analyze sad emotions.

scholarly journals Training of vertical versus horizontal reading in patients with hemianopia – a randomized and controlled study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kuester-Gruber ◽  
P. Kabisch ◽  
A. Cordey ◽  
H.-O. Karnath ◽  
S. Trauzettel-Klosinski
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Reading Text ◽  
Main Outcome Variable ◽  
Printed Text

Abstract Hypothesis Patients with hemianopic field defects (HFD) might benefit from reading text in vertical orientation if they place the text in the seeing hemifield along the vertical midline. Methods We assigned 21 patients with HFD randomly to either vertical or horizontal reading training. They trained reading single lines of texts from a computer screen at home for 2 × 30 min/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. The main outcome variable was reading speed (RS) during reading standardized paragraphs of printed text (IReST) aloud. RS was assessed before training (T1), directly after training (T2) and 4 weeks later (T3). Quality of life (QoL) was assessed by Impact of Visual Impairment (IVI) questionnaire. Results Vertical training improved RS in the vertical direction significantly. Only patients with right HFD benefited. Horizontal training improved RS in horizontal diection significantly, but much more in patients with left than in those with right HFD. Both effects remained stable at T3. RS during training at the computer improved highly significantly and correlated strongly with RS of printed text (Pearson r= > 0.9). QoL: Vertical training showed a statistically significant improvement in the complete IVI-score, patients with right HFD in the emotional IVI-score. Conclusions The improvements of RS were specific for the training. The stable effect indicates that the patients can apply the newly learned strategies to everyday life. The side of the HFD plays an essential role: Left-HFD patients benefitted from horizontal training, right-HFD patients from vertical training. However, the vertical RS did not reach the level of horizontal RS. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00018843).

scholarly journals Study on visual function comparison between ametropes and emmetropes after visual correction

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 428-432
Author(s):  
L K Lali ◽  
R Abirama Sundari ◽  
R Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Visual Functions ◽  
Significant Difference

Studies had also shown that 86% of children with refractive error living in rural area are without correction as many are unaware of their problem. Refractive error by itself plays a significant role on one’s quality of life and literature had also proven it. To study the visual functions in ametropes with 6/6 BCVA and compare it with emmetropes.: A cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year. All the 200 subjects were tested for refractive error using auto refractor, distance and near visual acuity was assessed with the ETDRS chart, contrast sensitivity was assessed using LEA symbol chart, color vision was assessed using FM 15 online test and field vision was tested using Bjerrum tangent screen, stereopsis was examined using TNO cards, morphometric measurements was done by measuring the axial length using A scan and the K reading was obtained using auto keratometer and finally the functional assessment was analysed using the reading and writing speed. A total of 200 subjects with 100 ametropes and 100 emmetropes were included in our study. Colour vision, near point accommodation, near point convergence, axial length were significantly altered in ametropes. Contrast sensitivity, steropsis and reading speed were significantly reduced in ametropes compared to emmetropes. There was no significant difference in visual functions between different types refractive error subjects like myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism. The present study proves that visual acuity alone is not an indicator for assessing the quality of vision instead the complete visual functions has to be screened on all patients reporting with refractive error.

scholarly journals Cortical Thickness Related to Compensatory Viewing Strategies in Patients With Macular Degeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Plank ◽  
Edith M. A. Benkowitsch ◽  
Anton L. Beer ◽  
Sabine Brandl ◽  
Maka Malania ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Central Vision ◽  
Eccentric Viewing ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Fixation Stability ◽  
The Right

Retinal diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) or hereditary juvenile macular dystrophies (JMD) lead to a loss of central vision. Many patients compensate for this loss with a pseudo fovea in the intact peripheral retina, the so-called “preferred retinal locus” (PRL). How extensive eccentric viewing associated with central vision loss (CVL) affects brain structures responsible for visual perception and visually guided eye movements remains unknown. CVL results in a reduction of cortical gray matter in the “lesion projection zone” (LPZ) in early visual cortex, but the thickness of primary visual cortex appears to be largely preserved for eccentric-field representations. Here we explore how eccentric viewing strategies are related to cortical thickness (CT) measures in early visual cortex and in brain areas involved in the control of eye movements (frontal eye fields, FEF, supplementary eye fields, SEF, and premotor eye fields, PEF). We determined the projection zones (regions of interest, ROIs) of the PRL and of an equally peripheral area in the opposite hemifield (OppPRL) in early visual cortex (V1 and V2) in 32 patients with MD and 32 age-matched controls (19–84 years) by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subsequently, we calculated the CT in these ROIs and compared it between PRL and OppPRL as well as between groups. Additionally, we examined the CT of FEF, SEF, and PEF and correlated it with behavioral measures like reading speed and eccentric fixation stability at the PRL. We found a significant difference between PRL and OppPRL projection zones in V1 with increased CT at the PRL, that was more pronounced in the patients, but also visible in the controls. Although the mean CT of the eye fields did not differ significantly between patients and controls, we found a trend to a positive correlation between CT in the right FEF and SEF and fixation stability in the whole patient group and between CT in the right PEF and reading speed in the JMD subgroup. The results indicate a possible association between the compensatory strategies used by patients with CVL and structural brain properties in early visual cortex and cortical eye fields.

Text Font Affects Reading Speed at a Low Luminance but Not at a High Luminance

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 51-51
Author(s):  
D Yager ◽  
K Aquilante ◽  
R Plass
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
High Luminance ◽  
Low Luminance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Parameter Values

We are beginning a series of studies in which we shall investigate which characteristics of text fonts may be successful in allowing text to be read with different kinds of degradations that may be experienced by low-vision patients. As a first attempt to simulate one of the problems that certain patients might have, we measured reading speeds with two proportionally spaced fonts at a high photopic luminance (146 cd m−2) and at a very low luminance (0.146 cd m−2). We used the RSVP (rapid serial visual presentation) reading method, which eliminates the need for scanning eye movements. The two fonts were ‘Swiss’, a simple sans-serif font, and ‘Dutch’, a serif font similar to Times Roman, both presented at the 20/80 size; letters were white on black, with a contrast of 0.94. Subjects were young, normally sighted high-school and optometry-college students. The reading speed results from 47 subjects were as follows, for four conditions: high luminance, Swiss 531 and Dutch 540 words min−1; low luminance, Swiss 479 and Dutch 429 words min−1. At the high luminance, there is no significant difference between reading rates. There is a significant advantage for the Swiss font at the low luminance: p=0.005. There may be a significant difference in reading speed with different fonts when the patient's perceptions are degraded by disease and/or aging processes. Other parameters to be investigated with this method include contrast, size, blur, and visual field position. The simulation results will suggest parameter values to test on low-vision patients.

scholarly journals Dyslexics’ Fragile Oculomotor Control Is Further Destabilized by Increased Text Difficulty

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 990
Author(s):  
Lindsey M. Ward ◽  
Zoi Kapoula
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Velocity Profiles ◽  
Reading Difficulty ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
Text Difficulty ◽  
Word Decoding ◽  
Children's Book ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference

Dyslexic adolescents demonstrate deficits in word decoding, recognition, and oculomotor coordination as compared to healthy controls. Our lab recently showed intrinsic deficits in large saccades and vergence movements with a Remobi device independent from reading. This shed new light on the field of dyslexia, as it has been debated in the literature whether the deficits in eye movements are a cause or consequence of reading difficulty. The present study investigates how these oculomotor problems are compensated for or aggravated by text difficulty. A total of 46 dyslexic and 41 non-dyslexic adolescents’ eye movements were analyzed while reading L’Alouette, a dyslexia screening test, and 35 Kilos D’Espoir, a children’s book with a reading age of 10 years. While reading the more difficult text, dyslexics made more mistakes, read slower, and made more regressive saccades; moreover, they made smaller amplitude saccades with abnormal velocity profiles (e.g., higher peak velocity but lower average velocity) and significantly higher saccade disconjugacy. While reading the simpler text, these differences persisted; however, the difference in saccade disconjugacy, although present, was no longer significant, nor was there a significant difference in the percentage of regressive saccades. We propose that intrinsic eye movement abnormalities in dyslexics such as saccade disconjugacy, abnormal velocity profiles, and cognitively associated regressive saccades can be particularly exacerbated if the reading text relies heavily on word decoding to extract meaning; increased number of regressive saccades are a manifestation of reading difficulty and not a problem of eye movement per se. These interpretations are in line with the motor theory of visual attention and our previous research describing the relationship between binocular motor control, attention, and cognition that exists outside of the field of dyslexia.

scholarly journals Predicting Dyslexia and Reading Speed in Adolescents from Eye Movements in Reading and Non-Reading Tasks: A Machine Learning Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1337
Author(s):  
Alae Eddine El Hmimdi ◽  
Lindsey M Ward ◽  
Themis Palpanas ◽  
Zoï Kapoula
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Reading Difficulty ◽  
Word Decoding ◽  
Applied Machine Learning ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Meaningful Text

There is evidence that abnormalities in eye movements exist during reading in dyslexic individuals. A few recent studies applied Machine Learning (ML) classifiers to such eye movement data to predict dyslexia. A general problem with these studies is that eye movement data sets are limited to reading saccades and fixations that are confounded by reading difficulty, e.g., it is unclear whether abnormalities are the consequence or the cause of reading difficulty. Recently, Ward and Kapoula used LED targets (with the REMOBI & AIDEAL method) to demonstrate abnormalities of large saccades and vergence eye movements in depth demonstrating intrinsic eye movement problems independent from reading in dyslexia. In another study, binocular eye movements were studied while reading two texts: one using the “Alouette” text, which has no meaning and requires word decoding, the other using a meaningful text. It was found the Alouette text exacerbates eye movement abnormalities in dyslexics. In this paper, we more precisely quantify the quality of such eye movement descriptors for dyslexia detection. We use the descriptors produced in the four different setups as input to multiple classifiers and compare their generalization performances. Our results demonstrate that eye movement data from the Alouette test predicts dyslexia with an accuracy of 81.25%; similarly, we were able to predict dyslexia with an accuracy of 81.25% when using data from saccades to LED targets on the Remobi device and 77.3% when using vergence movements to LED targets. Noticeably, eye movement data from the meaningful text produced the lowest accuracy (70.2%). In a subsequent analysis, ML algorithms were applied to predict reading speed based on eye movement descriptors extracted from the meaningful reading, then from Remobi saccade and vergence tests. Remobi vergence eye movement descriptors can predict reading speed even better than eye movement descriptors from the meaningful reading test.

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