scholarly journals Reading eye movements performance on iPad vs print using a visagraph

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Feis ◽  
Amanda Lallensack ◽  
Elizabeth Pallante ◽  
Melanie Nielsen ◽  
Nicole Demarco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Movement Characteristics ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Printed Text

This study investigated reading comprehension, reading speed, and the quality of eye movements while reading on an iPad, as compared to printed text. 31 visually-normal subjects were enrolled. Two of the passages were read from the Visagraph standardized text on iPad and Print. Eye movement characteristics and comprehension were evaluated. Mean (SD) fixation duration was significantly longer with the iPad at 270 ms (40) compared to the printed text (p=0.04) at 260 ms (40). Subjects’ mean reading rates were significantly lower on the iPad at 294 words per minute (wpm) than the printed text at 318 wpm (p=0.03). The mean (SD) overall reading duration was significantly (p=0.02) slower on the iPad that took 31 s (9.3) than the printed text at 28 s (8.0). Overall reading performance is lower with an iPad than printed text in normal individuals. These findings might be more consequential in children and adult slower readers when they read using iPads.  

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Locations of Simulated Central Vision Scotoma on Quality of Reading

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Noor Halilah Buari ◽  
Muhammad Zahir Nur-Zahirah
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Central Scotoma ◽  
Central Vision ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Text Reading ◽  
Printed Text ◽  
Extract Information

As a person read, the eyes move to extract information from the printed text. Reading became disturbed when obstructed by the scotoma. The effect of reading and eye movement were investigated between different locations of simulated central vision scotoma. The time to read the text and the eye movements were recorded and tracked among eleven participants. The reading speed showed a significant difference at different locations of central scotoma simulation. The presence of central scotoma affects the quality of reading as the eye moved slowly during reading in order to comprehend the text.

Does Inverting Text Improve Reading Performance in Homonymous Hemianopes?

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
M R Baker ◽  
J Henderson ◽  
A Hill
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Sensory Level ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
The Right

Anecdotal information from rehabilitation practice of reading performance and low-vision practice suggests that where right homonymous parafoveal field loss impairs reading at the visual-sensory level, an improvement in reading speed can be achieved by inverting the text. This is because whilst left-field loss is considered to impair return eye movements to the beginning of a line, right-field loss is considered to reduce the spatial size of the perceptual window and increase its temporal extent by prolonging fixations times, reducing the amplitudes of saccades to the right, and introducing frequent regressive saccades. Inverting the text was thought to reverse these effects as the leading edge of the perceptual window is ‘returned’ to the sighted field so that in-line saccades can be visually guided. Here we report that this does not appear to be the case. In our study we measured the eye movements of patients with right homonymous hemianopia and others with peripheral loss due to retinitis pigmentosa as well as normal controls using an infrared video eye-tracker. All groups display a similar proportional prolongation of fixations times, reduction of saccadic amplitude, and proportion of regressive saccades when asked to read inverted text, which suggests a cognitive component of impairment independent of visual field loss in right homonymous hemianopes.

Reading with Visual Field Defects

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 11-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Trauzettel-Klosinski
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Visual Field Defects ◽  
Video Tape ◽  
Field Defects

The influence of different visual field defects on the reading performance was examined with potential adaptive strategies to improve the reading process in mind. By means of an SLO, the retinal fixation locus (RFL) was determined with the use of single targets and text, and eye movements scanning the text were recorded on video tape. Additionally, eye movements were monitored by an Infrared Limbus Tracker. Visual fields were assessed by the Tübingen Manual and/or automatic perimetry. Normal subjects, and patients with central scotomata, ring scotomata, and hemianopic field defects (HFD) were examined. The main pathological reading parameters were an increase of saccade frequency and regressions per line, and a decrease of reading speed. In patients with field defects involving the visual field centre, fixation behaviour is significant for regaining reading ability. In absolute central scotoma, the lost foveal function promotes eccentric fixation. The remaining problem is insufficient resolution of the RFL, which can be compensated for by magnification of the text. In patients with insufficient size of their reading visual field, due to HFD and ring scotoma, it is crucial that they learn to use a new RFL despite intact foveolar function. Preconditions for reading have been found to be: (1) sufficient resolution of the RFL, (2) a reading visual field of a minimum extent, and (3) intact basic oculomotor function. In patients with visual field defects involving the centre, a sensory-motor adaptation process is required: the use of a new RFL as the new centre of the visual field and as the new zero point for eye-movement coordinates.

scholarly journals Reading performances of low vision children after using low vision aid

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 534-537
Author(s):  
Zorica Toncic ◽  
Natasa Jovovic ◽  
Nada Sakotic ◽  
Veselinka Milovic ◽  
Katarina Janicijevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Optic Nerve Atrophy ◽  
Stargardt Disease ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction/Objective. The objectives of the paper are to assess the causes of low vision (LV) in pediatric population in Montenegro and to evaluate the influence of low vision aids (LVA) on reading performance regarding the speed of reading and the understanding of the read text. Methods. A prospective study was conducted on 40 ?treatable? LV children what represent all registered LV children in Montenegro. All participants read the same text before and after using LVA. Reading rate was calculated as the number of words read per minute. Functional speed of reading was calculated as the ratio of the rate of reading and the understanding of the read text multiplied by 100. Results. The study comprised 40 LV children with the mean age of 12.60 ? 4.06 years (20 boys and 20 girls). The most common cause of LV in children were premature retinopathy (10/40 or 25%), retinitis pigmentosa (8/40 or 20%), optic nerve anomaly (5/40 or 13%), degenerative myopia (4/40 or 10%), macular dysgenesis (4/40 or 10%), Stargardt disease (3/40 or 7%), optic nerve atrophy (2/40 or 5%), and albinism (2/40 or 5%). Nystagmus was found in 11 LV children or 28% of the group. LVA were prescribed to all of them. Reading speed before vs. after LVA use was 36.58 ? 35.60 vs. 73.83 ? 27.05 words/minute (p < 0.001), while functional reading was 26.00 ? 30.43 vs. 59.41 ? 29.34 (p < 0.001). Conclusion. LV children demonstrate a significant improvement in reading performance by using LVA.

Objective cyclodeviation measurement in normal subjects by means of Cyclocheck® application

2020 ◽  
pp. 112067212090531
Author(s):  
Justyna Simiera ◽  
Agata Joanna Ordon ◽  
Piotr Loba
Keyword(s):  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Angle Measurements ◽  
Corrected Visual Acuity ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Muscle Balance ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fundus Photographs ◽  
The Right

Purpose: To evaluate the range of cyclodeviation in normal individuals by means of Cyclocheck® application recently designed by the authors and freely available at www.cyclocheck.com . Methods: Healthy subjects with normal muscle balance, best-corrected visual acuity of ⩾0.8, and stereopsis on Randot charts of ⩽100 s of arc were included in the study. Two separate digital fundus photographs were taken of each eye of every patient. The disk-foveal angle was calculated using the Cyclocheck® application. The average result of the disk-foveal angle measurements were considered for data analysis. Results: A total of 131 patients met inclusion criteria for the study population. The mean value of the disk-foveal angle in the whole study group (both right and left eye) was 6.39° ± 2.72° with 5.26° ± 2.56° (range from −0.4° to 12.55°) in the right eye and 7.52° ± 2.39° (range from 1.25° to 12.76°) in the left eye. The mean value of the disk-foveal angle of the left eye was greater by 2.26° than that of the right eye. Conclusion: Cyclocheck® software allows easy assessment of cyclodeviation. Normal individuals present with a positive value of the disk-foveal angle with a certain spread of the results. The analysis of obtained measurements revealed a significant asymmetry between both eyes with the left eye being more excyclodeviated in an otherwise orthotropic population, which remains a subject for further investigations.

scholarly journals Training of vertical versus horizontal reading in patients with hemianopia – a randomized and controlled study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kuester-Gruber ◽  
P. Kabisch ◽  
A. Cordey ◽  
H.-O. Karnath ◽  
S. Trauzettel-Klosinski
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Reading Text ◽  
Main Outcome Variable ◽  
Printed Text

Abstract Hypothesis Patients with hemianopic field defects (HFD) might benefit from reading text in vertical orientation if they place the text in the seeing hemifield along the vertical midline. Methods We assigned 21 patients with HFD randomly to either vertical or horizontal reading training. They trained reading single lines of texts from a computer screen at home for 2 × 30 min/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. The main outcome variable was reading speed (RS) during reading standardized paragraphs of printed text (IReST) aloud. RS was assessed before training (T1), directly after training (T2) and 4 weeks later (T3). Quality of life (QoL) was assessed by Impact of Visual Impairment (IVI) questionnaire. Results Vertical training improved RS in the vertical direction significantly. Only patients with right HFD benefited. Horizontal training improved RS in horizontal diection significantly, but much more in patients with left than in those with right HFD. Both effects remained stable at T3. RS during training at the computer improved highly significantly and correlated strongly with RS of printed text (Pearson r= > 0.9). QoL: Vertical training showed a statistically significant improvement in the complete IVI-score, patients with right HFD in the emotional IVI-score. Conclusions The improvements of RS were specific for the training. The stable effect indicates that the patients can apply the newly learned strategies to everyday life. The side of the HFD plays an essential role: Left-HFD patients benefitted from horizontal training, right-HFD patients from vertical training. However, the vertical RS did not reach the level of horizontal RS. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00018843).

ELECTROOCULOGRAPHY BASED READING SPEED ANALYSIS AS AN ASSISTIVE TOOL

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (02) ◽  
pp. 1550016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwesha Banerjee ◽  
Shreyasi Datta ◽  
Monalisa Pal ◽  
D. N. Tibarewala ◽  
Amit Konar
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Misclassification Rate ◽  
Interactive System ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Signal Features ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Tree Classifier

Dyslexia is a well-known reading disorder that involves difficulty in fluent reading, decoding and processing of words despite adequate intelligence. It is common that the reading speed of dyslexic patients is lower than their normal counterparts, because of slow letter and word processing. Eye movements in dyslexic patients are significantly different from that of normal individuals, in terms of the presence of frequent fixations and stares in the former. This work proposes a Human Computer Interactive system to assist individuals having low reading speed to increase their reading speed by the analysis of eye movements. Eye movement data for different reading speeds is recorded using a laboratory developed Electrooculogram acquisition system. From the data, Adaptive Autoregressive (AAR) parameters, Band Power Estimates and Wavelet Coefficients are extracted as signal features. Reading speeds are classified using different pattern classifiers from which an average accuracy of 94.67% over all classes and participants is obtained using Radial Basis Function (RBF) Support Vector Machine (SVM) Tree classifier and AAR Parameters as features. Friedman test is done to select the best classifier. The trained classifier is used to recognize the reading speeds of a set of new normal individuals. If the reading speeds are less than a preset threshold, that individual is trained repeatedly for 10 days for improvement. An improvement of reading speed is observed by the decrease in the misclassification rate from 45.1% to 9.92% in 10 days for the fastest speed (1 sentence/2 s) over all the subjects. This work is carried out on healthy individuals. However, the results reveal that the proposed system may also be used for training and assisting children with dyslexia or other similar reading disabilities children.

scholarly journals The Standardized Normal Ivy Bleeding Time and Its Prolongation by Aspirin

Blood ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. MIELKE ◽  
M. M. KANESHIRO ◽  
I. A. MAHER ◽  
J. M. WEINER ◽  
S. I. RAPAPORT
Keyword(s):  
Bleeding Time ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Normal Males

Abstract A standardized, reproducible Ivy bleeding time technic has been described which permits one to obtain accurate bleeding time data in man. The technic was used to standardize an aspirin tolerance test in which 60 normal males had a control bleeding time; were given, on a double blind basis, either placebo or 1 Gm. of aspirin, and had a second bleeding time 2 hours later. The control values were: mean, 5 min.; mean ± 2 st. dev., 2 min., 30 sec. to 10 min. The values after placebo were: mean, 5 min., 30 sec.; mean ± 2 st. dev., 2 min., 30 sec. to 11 min. The values after aspirin were: mean, 9 min., 30 sec.; mean ± 2 st. dev., 4 min. to 21 min. The difference between the mean bleeding time after placebo and after aspirin was highly significant (p < 0.001). The distribution of the bleeding times after aspirin suggested that normal subjects do not respond to aspirin as a single population. The degree of prolongation of the bleeding time and the large size of the drops of blood observed in some subjects suggested to us that small amounts of aspirin may exert a significant effect upon hemostasis in normal individuals.

scholarly journals Time Course and Hazard Function: A Distributional Analysis of Fixation Duration in Reading

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Feng
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Hazard Function ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Reading Processes ◽  
Duration Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

Reading processes affect not only the mean of fixation duration but also its distribution function. This paper introduces a set of hypotheses that link the timing and strength of a reading process to the hazard function of a fixation duration distribution. Analyses based on large corpora of reading eye movements show a surprisingly robust hazard function across languages, age, individual differences, and a number of processing variables. The data suggest that eye movements are generated stochastically based on a stereotyped time course that is independent of reading variables. High-level reading processes, however, modulate eye movement programming by increasing or decreasing the momentary saccade rate during a narrow time window. Implications to theories and analyses of reading eye movement are discussed.

Biological and Analytic Components of Variation in Long-Term Studies of Serum Constituents in Normal Subjects

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
D S Young ◽  
Eugene K Harris ◽  
Ernest Cotlove
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Factors ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Heterogenous Group ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Blood was sampled from nine healthy subjects weekly for 10 weeks, under controlled conditions. Eighteen serum constituents were measured in duplicate in each sample on a single occasion. In this way analytic variation was minimized. Considerable variations in mean values and standard deviations of results were observed among the subjects. Physiological control of serum calcium and magnesium concentrations appeared to be more precise than duplicate determinations in the laboratory. Compared with a previous study from this laboratory, significantly different estimates of personal variation were noted for sodium, chloride, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and LDH in a group matched by age, race, and sex. At the same time, the present study group, homogenous with respect to these demographic factors (and also occupation) showed as great a diversity in the mean concentrations of most constituents as was seen earlier in a larger, more heterogenous group of normal individuals. These findings indicate that certain blood parameters depend more on personal characteristics than on broad demographic factors.

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