scholarly journals THE INTERPLAY OF SPATIAL POLICY, TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR AND AIR QUALITY IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariva Sugandi Permana ◽  
Ahmad Nazri Muhamad Ludin ◽  
M. Rafee Majid
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Environmental Consequence ◽  
Growth Centre ◽  
Spatial Policy ◽  
Survey Results

Iskandar Malaysia has been emerging as a centre of economic growth in the southern corridor of Malaysia. While the present spatial policy has emboldened the growth centre that inspires the urban development in the region to flourish, the spatial development has brought a substantial environmental consequence to urban areas. With the support of travel behaviour of the citizens as a catalyst, the interplay between spatial policy and urban air quality in the region becomes a major concern. This study began by undertaking spatial policy analysis at local and federal levels. Then, an origin-destination study was carried out to assess the travel behaviour of citizens and the concentricity or poly-centricity of the region as an eventual reflection of spatial policy. Based on the information on travel behaviour and number of vehicles in Iskandar Malaysia, the vehicle-kilometre travelled (VKT) was estimated as well as the carbon emission from the transport sector. An ethnographic survey was also conducted to understand the nonmotorized travel behaviour of the citizens i.e. willingness to walk. This survey was to crosscheck and confirm the willingness to walk of the citizens resulting from questionnaire survey. Results of the study reveal that the spatial policies of Iskandar Malaysia along with the travel behaviour of the citizens have strongly shaped the present spatial structure of Iskandar Malaysia region, and ultimately lead to ever increasing air pollution in the region.

scholarly journals THE INTERPLAY OF SPATIAL POLICY, TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR AND AIR QUALITY IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariva Sugandi Permana ◽  
Ahmad Nazri Muhamad Ludin ◽  
M. Rafee Majid
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Environmental Consequence ◽  
Growth Centre ◽  
Spatial Policy ◽  
Survey Results

Iskandar Malaysia has been emerging as a centre of economic growth in the southern corridor of Malaysia. While the present spatial policy has emboldened the growth centre that inspires the urban development in the region to flourish, the spatial development has brought a substantial environmental consequence to urban areas. With the support of travel behaviour of the citizens as a catalyst, the interplay between spatial policy and urban air quality in the region becomes a major concern. This study began by undertaking spatial policy analysis at local and federal levels. Then, an origin-destination study was carried out to assess the travel behaviour of citizens and the concentricity or poly-centricity of the region as an eventual reflection of spatial policy. Based on the information on travel behaviour and number of vehicles in Iskandar Malaysia, the vehicle-kilometre travelled (VKT) was estimated as well as the carbon emission from the transport sector. An ethnographic survey was also conducted to understand the nonmotorized travel behaviour of the citizens i.e. willingness to walk. This survey was to crosscheck and confirm the willingness to walk of the citizens resulting from questionnaire survey. Results of the study reveal that the spatial policies of Iskandar Malaysia along with the travel behaviour of the citizens have strongly shaped the present spatial structure of Iskandar Malaysia region, and ultimately lead to ever increasing air pollution in the region.

scholarly journals Urban Air Quality Assessment Using Integrated Artificial Intelligence Algorithms and Geographic Information System Modeling in a Highly Congested Area, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oday Zakariya Jasim ◽  
Noor Hashim Hamed ◽  
Mohammed Abdullah Abid
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Geographic Information System ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Geographic Information ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Congested Area ◽  
Air Quality Assessment

Pollutant emissions are considered to be a major threat to air quality and human health in urban areas. Therefore, accurate modeling and assessment tools are required. In this study, a model was done by the integration of machine learning algorithms and a geographic information system model. This model included the optimization of the support vector regression model by using the principal component analysis algorithm. Then, the integration of the regression model with spatial analysis modeling via a grid (100 x 100 m) was done in order to generate prediction maps during holidays and workdays in the daytime and at nighttime in a highly congested area in Baghdad city, Iraq. The data used in this study categorized into two categories. The first category is the data acquired through field surveying that includes temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and traffic flow data (e.g., the number of light and heavy vehicles), as well as carbon monoxide samples by using mobile equipment. The second category is the information derived from geographic information system data, such as land use, road network, and building height. The accuracy of the proposed model is 81%, and the lowest value of root mean square error was 0.067 ppm. The integration between air pollution models and geographic information system techniques could be a promising tool for urban air quality assessment and urban planning. These tools effectively utilized by stakeholders and decision-makers to outline proper plans and strategies to mitigate air pollutants in urban areas.

scholarly journals Urban Pollution

2021 ◽  
pp. 243-258
Author(s):  
Janet E. Nichol ◽  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Majid Nazeer ◽  
Man Sing Wong
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Pollution ◽  
Urban Air Quality ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Retrieval Algorithms ◽  
Urban Heat

AbstractThis chapter depicts the state of the art in remote sensing for urban pollution monitoring, including urban heat islands, urban air quality, and water quality around urban coastlines. Recent developments in spatial and temporal resolutions of modern sensors, and in retrieval methodologies and gap-filling routines, have increased the applicability of remote sensing for urban areas. However, capturing the spatial heterogeneity of urban areas is still challenging, given the spatial resolution limitations of aerosol retrieval algorithms for air-quality monitoring, and of modern thermal sensors for urban heat island analysis. For urban coastal applications, water-quality parameters can now be retrieved with adequate spatial and temporal detail even for localized phenomena such as algal blooms, pollution plumes, and point pollution sources. The chapter reviews the main sensors used, and developments in retrieval algorithms. For urban air quality the MODIS Dark Target (DT), Deep Blue (DB), and the merged DT/DB algorithms are evaluated. For urban heat island and urban climatic analysis using coarse- and medium- resolution thermal sensors, MODIS, Landsat, and ASTER are evaluated. For water-quality monitoring, medium spatial resolution sensors including Landsat, HJ1A/B, and Sentinel 2, are evaluated as potential replacements for expensive routine ship-borne monitoring.

scholarly journals MOVEIM v1.0: Development of a bottom-up motor vehicular emission inventories for the urban area of Manaus in central Amazon rainforest

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo R. Teixeira ◽  
Saulo R. de Freitas ◽  
Francis W. Correia ◽  
Antonio O. Manzi
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Weather Modification ◽  
Vehicular Emission ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Quality Models

Abstract. Emissions of gases and particulates in urban areas are associated with a mixture of various sources, both natural and anthropogenic. Understanding and quantifying these emissions is necessary in studies of climate change, local air pollution issues and weather modification. Studies have highlighted that the transport sector is key to closing the world’s emissions gap. Vehicles contribute substantially with the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), particulate matter (PM), methane (CH4), hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Several studies show that vehicle emission inventories are an important approach to providing a baseline estimate of on-road emissions in several scales, mainly in urban areas. This approach is essential to areas with incomplete or non-existent monitoring networks as well as for air quality models. Conversely, the direct downscale of global emission inventories in chemical transport and air quality models may not be able to reproduce the observed evolution of atmospheric pollution processes at finer spatial scales. To address this caveat, we developed a bottom-up vehicular emission inventory along the 258 main traffic routes from Manaus, based on local vehicle fleet data and emission factors (EFs). The results show that the light vehicles are responsible for the largest fraction of the pollutants, contributing 2.6, 0.87, 0.32, 0.03, 456 and 0.8 ton/h of CO, NOx, CH4, PM, CO2 and NMHC, respectively. Including the emissions of motorcycles, buses and trucks, our total estimation of the emissions is 4.1, 1.0, 0.37, 0.07, 63.5 and 2.56 ton/h, respectively. We also noted that light vehicles accounted for about 62.8 %, 84.7 %, 87.9 %, 45.1 %, 71.8 %, and 33.9 % and motorcycles in the order of 32.3 %, 6.5 %, 12.1 %, 6.2 %, 14.8 %, 8.7 %, respectively. Nevertheless, we can highlight the bus emissions which are around 35.7 % and 45.3 % for NMHC and PM. Our results indicate a better distribution over the domain reflecting the influences of standard behavior of traffic distribution per vehicle category. Finally, this inventory provides more detailed information to improving the current understanding of how vehicle emissions contribute to the ambient pollutant concentrations in Manaus and their impacts on regional climate changes. This work will also contribute to improved air quality numerical simulations, provide more accurate scenarios for policymakers and regulatory agencies to develop strategies for controlling the vehicular emissions, and, consequently, mitigate associated impacts on local and regional scales of the Amazon ecosystems.

scholarly journals Air Pollution Monitoring Around Residential and Transportation Sector Locations in Lagos Mainland

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry E. Obanya ◽  
Nnamdi H. Amaeze ◽  
Olusola Togunde ◽  
Adebayo A. Otitoloju
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Pm10 And Pm2.5 ◽  
Bus Stops

Background. Industrialization and urbanization, while associated with increased productivity, are also potential causes of increased air pollution. Urban air quality has the potential to affect the health and wellbeing of residents of urban areas. Objectives. The present study investigated the levels of air pollutants around residential areas and transport sector locations (TSLs) in Lagos, Nigeria. Residential areas were defined as areas around inner streets and living quarters, while TSLs included busy roads, dual carriage roads, bus stops and major car parks in the Yaba Local Council Development Area of Lagos Mainland, Lagos, Nigeria. Methods. Air quality parameters were assessed in situ using calibrated hand-held devices at selected residential and TSLs. Each sampling location was geo-referenced and concentrations of the various parameters were used to plot distribution maps. Results. The findings from the monitoring exercise showed that levels of the measured air pollutants: carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), sulphur dioxide (SO2), noise, temperature and humidity were within the ranges of 1.00 – 6.0 5.97 ppm, 43.345.2 – 127.2159.7 μg/m3, 20.3 23.25 – 69.058.16 μg/m3, 0.0 0 – 0.20.17 ppm, 47.7 50 - 65 70.1 dB, 26.2227.2 – 35.536.7°C and 57.0157.6 – 91.8492.3%, respectively, around residential areas. Values of the measured air pollutants at the TSLs ranged as follows: 2.011.0 – 5.397.7 ppm, 103.3360.7 – 179.77404.0 μg/m3, 50.2832.3 – 91.01184.0 μg/m3, 0.00 – 0.40 ppm, 64.2153.1 – 71.1376.3 dB, 27.1826.2 –27.9332.6°C and 60.3660.0 – 75.0178.0%, respectively. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), nitrogen oxide (NO2) were below detection limits in both sampling locations while volatile organic carbons (VOCs) ranged from 0.00 – 0.10 ppm in the TSLs. Discussion. Most assessed air quality parameters were significantly higher around bus stops (P < 0.05), except for CO and humidity. In addition, PM10 and PM2.5 were much higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The results indicated that the quality of air (particulate matter) in the study area was poor, especially in the TSLs. Conclusions. The Federal Ministry of Environment, through its relevant agencies, must create policies to address urban air pollution, taking into consideration long term exposures and people that are most vulnerable within the population. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

From Urban Air Quality Forecasting and Information Systems to Integrated Urban Hydrometeorology, Climate and Environment Systems and Services for Smart Cities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Baklanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Air Quality ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Climate Services ◽  
Urban Weather ◽  
Air Quality Forecasting

<p>This presentation is analysing a modern evolution in research and development from specific urban air quality systems to multi-hazard and integrated urban weather, environment and climate systems and services and provides an overview of joint results of large EU FP FUMAPEX, MEGAPOLI, EuMetChem and MarcoPolo projects and international WMO GURME and IUS teams. </p><p>Urban air pollution is still one of the key environmental issues for many cities around the world. A number of recent and previous international studies have been initiated to explore these issues. In particular relevant experience from several European projects will be demonstrated. MEGAPOLI studies aimed to assess the impacts of megacities and large air-pollution hotspots on local, regional and global air quality; to quantify feedback mechanisms linking megacity air quality, local and regional climates, and global climate change; and to develop improved tools for predicting air pollution levels in megacities (doi:10.5194/asr-4-115-2010). FUMAPEX developed for the first time an integrated system encompassing emissions, urban meteorology and population exposure for urban air pollution episode forecasting, the assessment of urban air quality and health effects, and for emergency preparedness issues for urban areas (UAQIFS: Urban Air Quality Forecasting and Information System; doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2005-2006; doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-855-2007).</p><p>While important advances have been made, new interdisciplinary research studies are needed to increase our understanding of the interactions between emissions, air quality, and regional and global climates. Studies need to address both basic and applied research and bridge the spatial and temporal scales connecting local emissions, air quality and weather with climate and global atmospheric chemistry. WMO has established the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Urban Research Meteorology and Environment (GURME) project which provides an important research contribution to the integrated urban services.</p><p>Most of the disasters affecting urban areas are of a hydro-meteorological nature and these have increased due to climate change. Cities are also responsible not only for air pollution emissions, but also for generating up to 70% of GHG emissions that drive large scale climate change. Thus, there is a strong feedback between contributions of cities to environmental health, climate change and the impacts of climate change on cities and these phases of the problem should not be considered separately. There is a critical need to consider the problem in a complex manner with interactions of climate change and disaster risk reduction for urban areas (doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.11.059, doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2017.05.004).</p><p>WMO is promoting safe, healthy and resilient cities through the development of Integrated Urban Weather, Environment and Climate Services (IUS). The aim is to build urban services that meet the special needs of cities through a combination of dense observation networks, high-resolution forecasts, multi-hazard early warning systems, disaster management plans and climate services. This approach gives cities the tools they need to reduce emissions, build thriving and resilient communities and implement the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The Guidance on IUS, developed by a WMO inter-programme working group, documents and shares the good practices that will allow countries and cities to improve the resilience of urban areas to a great variety of natural and other hazards (https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=9903).</p>

scholarly journals Urban Air Quality Guidance Based on Measures Categorization in Road Transport

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-267
Author(s):  
Beti Angelevska ◽  
Vaska Atanasova ◽  
Igor Andreevski
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Urban Air Quality ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
Pollution Levels

Air pollution is a cause for serious concerns in urban areas in Republic of North Macedonia. Intensive development of road transport increases the main air pollutants’ concentrations - particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide, whose monitored values are continuously exceeding the limit. The main disadvantage of the national plans and annual reports is the absence of comprehensive and categorized list of reduction/mitigation measures for road transport impacts on air quality. Analyzing the current air pollution problem and road transport contribution this paper provides the needed and detailed categorization of short-to-long term reduction/mitigation measures consisting of five subcategories. Based on measure categorization, a guiding frame for urban air quality is designed, intended for further support and assistance for local authorities in the process of air pollution control. Designed with integrated activities, the air quality guidance enables them to select suitable measures to manage road transport pollution and to evaluate their effects estimating the changes in air pollution levels. Hence, the guidance can be used for thorough planning of air quality issues caused by road transport and for policy making. Contributing for urban air quality improvement the guidance is a first step towards the implementation of air pollution management in urban areas. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091651 Full Text: PDF

scholarly journals Implications of COVID-19 Restriction Measures in Urban Air Quality of Thessaloniki, Greece: A Machine Learning Approach

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1500
Author(s):  
Dimitris Akritidis ◽  
Prodromos Zanis ◽  
Aristeidis K. Georgoulias ◽  
Eleni Papakosta ◽  
Paraskevi Tzoumaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Urban Air Quality ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Extreme Gradient Boosting ◽  
The Impact

Following the rapid spread of COVID-19, a lockdown was imposed in Thessaloniki, Greece, resulting in an abrupt reduction of human activities. To unravel the impact of restrictions on the urban air quality of Thessaloniki, NO2 and O3 observations are compared against the business-as-usual (BAU) concentrations for the lockdown period. BAU conditions are modeled, applying the XGBoost (eXtreme Gradient Boosting) machine learning algorithm on air quality and meteorological surface measurements, and reanalysis data. A reduction in NO2 concentrations is found during the lockdown period due to the restriction policies at both AGSOFIA and EGNATIA stations of −24.9 [−26.6, −23.2]% and −18.4 [−19.6, −17.1]%, respectively. A reverse effect is revealed for O3 concentrations at AGSOFIA with an increase of 12.7 [10.8, 14.8]%, reflecting the reduced O3 titration by NOx. The implications of COVID-19 lockdowns in the urban air quality of Thessaloniki are in line with the results of several recent studies for other urban areas around the world, highlighting the necessity of more sophisticated emission control strategies for urban air quality management.

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