To Pee or Not to Pee: Reconsidering the Need for Urinalysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S. Yacoubian ◽  
Blake J. Urbach
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Opiate Use ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Over Time

While urinalysis is used regularly as a tool to validate self-reported recent drug use, past research has been inconclusive in evaluating concordance between the two measures. In the current study, urinalysis results for cocaine and opiates are compared to self-reported three-day cocaine and opiate use with data collected through Houston's Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program between 1990 and 1999. Separate analyses are conducted for each year during the decade. Kappa statistics indicate that the strength of agreement between the two drug use measures is consistent over time. These findings suggest that the need for urinalysis should be reconsidered.

Reassessing the Need for Urinalysis as a Validation Technique

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S. Yacoubian
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Validation Technique ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Over Time

Urinalysis is utilized routinely as a tool to validate self-reported drug use. Past research has been inconclusive, however, in confirming strong correlations between urinalysis and self-reported drug use. In the current study, correlation estimates for cocaine and heroin use are derived from adult arrestees surveyed through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program between 1990 and 1997. While the strength of agreement between urinalysis and self-report data varies by both substance and jurisdiction, correlation estimates are consistent over time. These findings suggest that the need for urinalysis should be reassessed.

Ethnic Differences in Longitudinal Patterns and Consequences of Narcotics Addiction

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Prendergast ◽  
Yih-Ing Hser ◽  
Virginia Gil-Rivas
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Longitudinal Patterns ◽  
Opiate Use ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this paper is to examine differences in patterns and consequences of narcotics use among Hispanic and white addicts over time. Data were gathered from admission records and from interviews conducted in 1974–75 and 1985–86 from 323 Hispanic and 212 white narcotics addicts admitted to the California Civil Addict Program in 1962 to 1964. Analyses compared the two groups on narcotics use, incarceration, mortality, and other characteristics at each follow-up point and in terms of drug-use status. Compared with white addicts, Hispanic addicts showed a progression of more persistent and severe narcotics addiction. At each interview point, Hispanics were more likely than whites to be using opiates or to be incarcerated. Comparisons of opiate use at the two interview points showed that Hispanics were less likely than whites to remain abstinent and were more likely to relapse to opiate use. Overall, Hispanics also had greater involvement in the criminal justice system, higher rates of cocaine use, and a higher proportion of deaths due to violence and accidents.

scholarly journals Making Up the “Drug-Abusing Immigrant”

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Nordgren
Keyword(s):  
Social Work ◽  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Opiate Use ◽  
Drug Use Patterns ◽  
Political Problem ◽  
The 1960S

In social work, drug treatment, and government contexts in Sweden, numerous attempts have been made to construct a new kind of client and patient: the “drug-abusing immigrant.” I trace these developments from the 1960s to 2011 through an analysis of publications about “drug abuse among immigrants.” The empirical material consists of a broad range of publications produced on this topic in social work, drug treatment, and government contexts both nationally and in local municipal settings. I use Hacking’s analytical approach to “making up people” as a way of analyzing how knowledge production resulted in certain descriptions of the kind of client/patient categorized as a “drug-abusing immigrant.” Four themes were central to discussions of this kind: the introduction of new drugs and ways of using them by immigrants, the intermingling of ethnic drug use patterns, the need to target Iranians in relation to opiate use, and descriptions of drug-using immigrants as vulnerable. Drug use among immigrants was a phenomenon mainly discussed at local levels of social work and drug treatment and did not develop into a national political problem. It seems that a perceived rapid increase in immigration in Sweden during the mid-1980s acted as a catalyst for the focus on “drug abuse among immigrants.” The “drug-abusing immigrant” category should be seen as an administrative category and the process of making it up as ultimately a “failed” one. The category was not adopted by those so categorized and subsequently declined in use during the 2000s. A recent focus on drug use among “unaccompanied minors” might be seen as a new attempt to make up certain immigrants as a specific kind of “drug abuser.”

Adaptors and Innovators: Selection versus Induction

1991 ◽  
Vol 68 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1283-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Holland ◽  
I. Bowskill ◽  
A. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
New Entrants ◽  
Innovative Cognitive Style ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Established Group

The hypothesis that predictable differences would exist between the mean cognitive style of new entrants and those of the longer serving “established” employees in certain departments while not in others was tested. Data from 99 employees from four departments of a large British pharmaceuticals company who completed the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory provided results broadly in line with the expectations of adaption-innovation theory and past research. The mean innovative cognitive style of new entrants to adaptive departments regressed towards the mean of the establishment and the occupational mean over time. In departments where there was no initial significant difference between the mean cognitive style of the new entrants and the established group, no significant shift was shown over time. Implications of these findings are suggested. The data also indicated norms for two occupational groups where previously they did not exist.

scholarly journals Ecodesign—A Review of Reviews

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 315
Author(s):  
Malte Schäfer ◽  
Manuel Löwer
Keyword(s):  
Success Factors ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Review Articles ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Review Of Reviews ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Over Time

With the intent of summing up the past research on ecodesign and making it more accessible, we gather findings from 106 existing review articles in this field. Five research questions on terminology, evolution, barriers and success factors, methods and tools, and synergies, guide the clustering of the resulting 608 statements extracted from the reference. The quantitative analysis reveals that the number of review articles has been increasing over time. Furthermore, most statements originate from Europe, are published in journals, and address barriers and success factors. For the qualitative analysis, the findings are grouped according to the research question they address. We find that several names for similar concepts exist, with ecodesign being the most popular one. It has evolved from “end-of-pipe” pollution prevention to a more systemic concept, and addresses the complete life cycle. Barriers and success factors extend beyond the product development team to management, customers, policymakers, and educators. The number of ecodesign methods and tools available to address them is large, and more reviewing, testing, validation, and categorization of the existing ones is necessary. Synergies between ecodesign and other research disciplines exist in theory, but require implementation and testing in practice.

Euphoria

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Wilmot
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Definition Of

Euphoria is by definition ambiguous. Some researchers have noted it is a cause for drug taking while others have viewed it as the effect of taking drugs, To date there is no clear definition of what “euphoria” is or how it enters into career drug use or abuse. This article proposes that “euphoria” is metaphoric, and on that basis may be learned. Learning to use drugs euphorically is the key to controlled drug use and ultimately the control of drug abuse.

scholarly journals Contrasting Monetary and Multidimensional Poverty Measures in a Low-Income Sub-Saharan African Country

2020 ◽  
Vol 151 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Salecker ◽  
Anar K. Ahmadov ◽  
Leyla Karimli
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Poverty Measurement ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Analytical Strategy ◽  
Poverty Risk ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Over Time

AbstractDespite significant progress in poverty measurement, few studies have undertaken an in-depth comparison of monetary and multidimensional measures in the context of low-income countries and fewer still in Sub-Saharan Africa. Yet the differences can be particularly consequential in these settings. We address this gap by applying a distinct analytical strategy to the case of Rwanda. Using data from two waves of the Rwandan Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey, we combine comparing poverty rates cross-sectionally and over time, examining the overlaps and differences in the two measures, investigating poverty rates within population sub-groups, and estimating several statistical models to assess the differences between the two measures in identifying poverty risk factors. We find that using a monetary measure alone does not capture high incidence of multidimensional poverty in both waves, that it is possible to be multidimensional poor without being monetary poor, and that using a monetary measure alone overlooks significant change in multidimensional poverty over time. The two measures also differ in which poverty risk factors they put emphasis on. Relying only on monetary measures in low-income sub-Saharan Africa can send inaccurate signals to policymakers regarding the optimal design of social policies as well as monitoring their effectiveness.

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