Reassessing the Need for Urinalysis as a Validation Technique

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S. Yacoubian
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Heroin Use ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Validation Technique ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Over Time

Urinalysis is utilized routinely as a tool to validate self-reported drug use. Past research has been inconclusive, however, in confirming strong correlations between urinalysis and self-reported drug use. In the current study, correlation estimates for cocaine and heroin use are derived from adult arrestees surveyed through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program between 1990 and 1997. While the strength of agreement between urinalysis and self-report data varies by both substance and jurisdiction, correlation estimates are consistent over time. These findings suggest that the need for urinalysis should be reassessed.

Inaccuracies in Self-Reports and Urinalysis Tests: Impacts on Monitoring Marijuana Use Trends among Arrestees

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 941-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Golub ◽  
Hilary James Liberty ◽  
Bruce D. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Over Time

Measured trends in drug use can potentially reflect changes in drug use, changes in the accuracy of the measurement instrument, or both. This paper compares marijuana use trends from 1987 to 2001 using self-report and urinalysis data from arrestees interviewed at 23 sites served by the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program. Overall, 60% of the variation in reported use reflected changes in detected use. Most notably, reported and detected use suggested different dynamics to the increase in marijuana use during the 1990s. The growth in detected use started later, increased more, and lasted longer. Several factors appear to have clearly contributed to this divergence between the measures: the percentage of marijuana users that disclosed their activity changed over time, the accuracy of ADAM's urinalysis test increased with time, and the percentage of infrequent users changed over time (urinalysis tests are less likely to detect infrequent users). The paper concludes with recommendations for the careful analysis of marijuana use trends using self-report data, biological data, or both. Trends in cocaine, crack, heroin, and methamphetamine are also considered.

Within-Person Associations Between Attachment Security, Need Satisfaction and Psychological Adjustment in Daily Life of Older Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annika A Martin ◽  
Andrea B Horn ◽  
Mathias Allemand
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Attachment Security ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Multilevel Analyses ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Objectives Little is known about how attachment processes manifest within older adults in daily life and how these processes are associated with daily psychological adjustment. This study examined the within-person associations between states of attachment security and psychological adjustment. It is expected that this association is mediated by higher levels of satisfied needs in daily life. Methods Microlongitudinal self-report data were collected in a sample of 136 older adults ranged in age from 60 to 90 years (ageM = 70.45 years) across 10 days with daily morning and afternoon measurement occasions. Results Three main findings from multilevel analyses emerged. First, older adults showed significant within-person variation in attachment security, satisfaction of the needs for autonomy and competence, and psychological adjustment over time. Second, attachment security was positively associated with psychological adjustment within individuals. Third, both satisfaction of the needs for autonomy and competence mediated the within-person association between attachment security and psychological adjustment. Discussion The results suggest that attachment security is associated with the experience of autonomy and competence in daily life of older adults which in turn is related with better psychological adjustment.

To Pee or Not to Pee: Reconsidering the Need for Urinalysis

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S. Yacoubian ◽  
Blake J. Urbach
Keyword(s):  
Drug Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Kappa Statistics ◽  
Opiate Use ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Over Time

While urinalysis is used regularly as a tool to validate self-reported recent drug use, past research has been inconclusive in evaluating concordance between the two measures. In the current study, urinalysis results for cocaine and opiates are compared to self-reported three-day cocaine and opiate use with data collected through Houston's Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program between 1990 and 1999. Separate analyses are conducted for each year during the decade. Kappa statistics indicate that the strength of agreement between the two drug use measures is consistent over time. These findings suggest that the need for urinalysis should be reconsidered.

Self-Reported Alcohol Consumption; A Real Psychophysical Problem

1982 ◽  
Vol 50 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1027-1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. M. Gregson ◽  
Barrie G. Stacey
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Know How ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Over Time

There are good practical reasons for wanting to know how much alcohol people consume, at what rate, and in what patterns over time. Various measures of consumption and their associated frequency distributions are described. Self-report data on alcohol consumption present problems of interpretation. A detailed rationale for the use of the self-report method by Gregson and Stacey (1980) is presented. Measurement problems arising with the method, emphasized by Skog (1981), are discussed.

scholarly journals Coping Following Traumatic Brain Injury:The Need for Contextually Sensitive Assessment

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Kendall ◽  
David Shum ◽  
Brenda Lack ◽  
Susan Bull ◽  
Cameron Fee
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Adjustment Problems ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Test Current ◽  
Over Time

AbstractPsychosocial adjustment problems following traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently present a major barrier for rehabilitation. The ability to cope has been linked with psychological well-being following stressful and traumatic events, but has been poorly examined in the area of TBI. In terms of conceptualisation, most coping research has adopted the Lazarus and Folkman (1984) dichotomy of coping, namely problem-focused and emotion-focused. Despite the popularity of this theory, recent conceptualisations of coping have suggested that other dimensions are equally important and require investigation in the TBI area. However, measurement of coping continues to provide a major barrier for research in this area, particularly given the potential difficulties associated with self-report data in people with TBI. The current study used a contextually sensitive assessment technique to test current conceptualisations of coping in the TBI population. Specifically, the study examined coping strategies and styles in response to four stressful video-based scenarios. Rather than using a self-report questionnaire to assess predetermined coping strategies, participants spontaneously provided their own coping strategies, which were then coded into distinct coping strategies. The strategies were categorised into four groups according to their focus (emotion or problem) and approach (active or passive). Both the number and type of coping strategies differed across situations, providing support for the use of a contextually sensitive measurement technique. Further, the theoretically expected pattern of relationships was found between coping types and outcomes. However, these relationships differed across situations and over time, confirming suggestions that coping efficacy may differ depending on the demands of the situation and that chronic situations such as TBI may have an impact on coping style over time.

Drug use Prevalence among Former SSI DA&A Recipients

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 275-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Podus ◽  
Eunice Chang ◽  
Mary Lynn Brecht ◽  
James A. Swartz ◽  
M. Douglas Anglin
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Illegal Drug Use ◽  
Opiate Use ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Abuse Treatment ◽  
Program Data

This paper examines illegal drug use prevalence among former recipients of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) disability benefits for drug addiction and alcoholism (DA&A) in Chicago, Los Angeles, and Seattle, based on urinalysis and self-report data. It presents estimates of current prevalence (past three days) for four categories of illegal drugs–-opiates, cocaine, marijuana, or any use–-at 12 and 24 months after termination of the DA&A program. Data were obtained as part of a longitudinal study of 1,764 former SSI DA&A recipients in nine sites. Analyses indicate that a substantial number of former DA&A recipients, probably 45%–55%, were engaged in active drug use after termination of the program. Among users, cocaine and opiate use were extensive. Although there were high rates of underreporting by self-reported non-users, underreporting was not systematically associated with age, gender, ethnicity, criminal justice involvement, recent substance abuse treatment, or SSI benefit status.

Influences Affecting Maintenance and Cessation of Narcotics Addiction

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Bailey ◽  
Yih-Ing Hser ◽  
Shih-Chao Hsieh ◽  
M. Douglas Anglin
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Methadone Treatment ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Criminal Involvement ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Severe Punishment

A sample of 354 narcotics addicts remanded to the California Civil Addict Program (CAP) in 1962–64 was followed for over twenty-four years. Self-report data collected at initial treatment admission and in two follow-up interviews (1974–75 and 1985–86) included information on family history, patterns of drug use and criminal involvement, and other behaviors. The sample was classified into four exclusive groups: Winners (N=59), who had been abstinent from narcotics and other serious drug use and had not been involved in criminal activity during the thirty-six-month period prior to interview; Striving addicts ( N=46), who had been abstinent from narcotics use, but not necessarily other drugs, and had no incarceration for a period of twelve months prior to interview; Enduring addicts ( N=146), who had used narcotics and typically other drugs within the prior 12-month period, but had avoided incarceration; and Incarcerated addicts ( N=103), incarcerated at some time during the twelve-month period, and whose drug use was varied. Winners had generally negative familial experiences including little encouragement from parents, who in the main had adverse relationships, higher rates of sexual molestation, and were least happy in childhood. Despite this environment Winners evidenced early independence and self-confidence. Striving addicts were characterized by usually non-substance-using, church-going parents. Most had ceased narcotics use, but remained heavily involved with alcohol and marijuana. Enduring addicts, mostly from lower socioeconomic status families that exhibited extensive substance use and physical arguments, commonly accessed methadone treatment and avoided incarceration while persisting in narcotic addiction and crime. Incarcerated addicts, typically raised in dysfunctional, substance-using families, received the most parental caring along with the most severe punishment. They exhibited persistent involvement in crime, violence, and drug use.

Gender Differences and Similarities in Patterns of Drug Use and Attitudes of High School Students

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro J. Pascale ◽  
William J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Self Report ◽  
School Students ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data

The purpose of this research was to study the results of a large scale drug survey of high school students in the context of the baseline data provided by four previous surveys. These surveys were conducted at three-year intervals beginning in 1977. The most recent survey contained self report data from 2,000 students representing fifteen schools in northeast Ohio. The instrument yields information on fourteen categories of drugs. Gender differences in drug use, perceived harmfulness of drugs, and age of first experimentation are reported. No gender differences were found in the reasons students give for turning to drugs. Baseline data from the four previous surveys comprised approximately 8,000 respondents.

scholarly journals Bicycling to School During the Transition From Childhood Into Adolescence: A Six-Year Longitudinal Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greet M. Cardon ◽  
Lea R.D. Maes ◽  
Leen L. Haerens ◽  
Ilse M.M. De Bourdeaudhuij
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Self Report ◽  
School Level ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Over Time

Little is known about bicycling to school as children age. At baseline (2002) self-report data from 1070 children were gathered (51.9% boys; mean age: 10 years). The measurements were repeated in 2003 (n = 1039), 2004 (n = 907), 2005 (n = 549) and 2008 (n = 515). The rates of children bicycling to school significantly varied across time points from 46% at the age of ten, 69% at the age of 11, 83% at the age of 12, 70% at the age of 13 toward 78% at the age of 16. Starting from the age of 11, the average duration of time spent bicycling to school significantly increased over time. According to multilevel regression analyses 13.6% of the variance in rates of bicycling to school was situated at the school level, 39.6% at the pupil level and 46.7% at the measurement level. The differences in rates and durations across time points were independent from gender, BMI, SES and having siblings. Pupils engaging in bicycling to school at younger ages had a higher change of engaging in bicycling to school at 16 years old (ORs: 2.69–7.61; ICC bicycling rates: 0.46, ICC bicycling durations: 0.82). This finding emphasizes the need for promoting bicycling to school at young age.

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