scholarly journals Following the Collapse: Regeneration or Transformation of the Urban Societies?

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Alkhalid
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

 In the field of Syrian and Mesopotamian studies we must deal with many changes affecting the urban complexity and the socio-political and economic systems. In Syria, two major regional changes have been identified: one is the collapse of the Uruk system and the beginning of the second urban revolution, the other is the end of the Early Bronze Age and the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age cultures during the late third/early second millennium B.C. The terms “transition” and “collapse” are largely used in the definition of those two historical events.Many reasons could cause the collapse of any civilization: to explain the nature of any collapse we must look at the characteristics of the period that followed it. This paper will deal with the archaeological evidence from the late third and early second millennium B.C. in northern inner Syria to illustrate, on the one hand, the reason of that collapse and, on the other hand, to show how such a collapse affected the developmental trajectories of the urban systems.  

Traditions of Metal-Working in the Later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Britain: Part I

1963 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 258-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Britton
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Metal Working ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
The One

This paper is concerned with the earliest use in Britain of copper and bronze, from the first artifacts of copper in the later Neolithic until the transition from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age, as marked by palstaves and haft-flanged axes. It does not attempt to deal with all the material, but instead certain classes of evidence have been chosen to illustrate some of the main styles of workmanship. These groups have been considered both from the point of view of their archaeology, and of the technology they imply.Such an approach requires on the one hand that the artifacts are sorted into types, their associations in graves and hoards studied, their distributions plotted, and finally a consideration of the evidence for their affinities and chronology. On the other hand there are questions also of interest that need a different standpoint. Of what metals or alloys are the objects made? Can their sources be located? How did the smiths set about their work? Over what regions was production carried out? If we are to understand as much as we might of the life of prehistoric times, then surely we should look at material culture from as many view-points as possible—in this case, the manner and setting of its production as well as its classification.

Archaeological Evidence for an Early Second Millennium BC Potter’s Kiln at Liman Tepe

Belleten ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (287) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Ayşegül Aykurt ◽  
Hayat Erkanal
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Transition Phase ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Western Anatolia ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Pottery Sherds ◽  
Comprehensive Manner ◽  
Pottery Kiln

This article will focus on a pottery kiln which is dated to the transition phase between the Early Bronze Age and the Middle Bronze Age in Liman Tepe. The kiln is not only important in terms of being one of the earliest examples on the Western Anatolian coast, but also for the local pottery sherds amongst its debris. They demonstrate the continuation of relationships with Central Anatolian cultures which began in the early periods. Very few centers in Western Anatolia have levels from the Early Bronze to Middle Bronze Age phase. This transition phase is being investigated in a comprehensive manner at Liman Tepe and this will provide an important contribution to understanding the region's chronology.

The Final Bronze Age in the Near East and in Temperate Europe

1948 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 177-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Gordon Childe
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Mediterranean Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
East Mediterranean ◽  
Advanced Phase ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
The One ◽  
Satisfactory Manner

When ten years ago I discussed the absolute chronology of the European Bronze Age, I took the amber beads from Kakovatos as providing a terminus ante quem about 1450 B.C. for its ‘Early’ phase and accepted the appearance in the East Mediterranean area of cremation burial in urn-fields, cut-and-thrust swords (fig. 1), safety-pins (fig. 3), turban dishes and urns with ribbed or twisted handles as indicative of a similar limit about 1250 B.C. for the beginning of the Late Bronze Age. The first date has subsequently been confirmed and given precision in a satisfactory manner. In his paper on ‘The Early Bronze Age in Wessex’ Piggott showed how his Wessex culture could be cross-dated by Aegean contacts. On the one hand many Wessex graves contain segmented faience beads imported from the East Mediterranean and plausibly dated there about 1400 B.C.: on the other, graves of the same culture at Normanton and Manton were furnished with gold-bound amber discs identical in form and size with one from a L.M. II tomb at Knossos. Assuming the latter to be a British import, it gave 1450 as a terminus ante quem for the rise of the Wessex culture. At the same time British types in Central Europe and Unětician types in Wessex barrows, established a synchronism between the Wessex culture and the advanced phase of the Early Bronze Age cultures of the Danubian area (in typological terms Reinecke's phase A2), to which phase the Perjamos grave at Ószentivan, containing imported segmented faience beads, identical with those from Wessex and therefore also datable about 1400, should be assigned.

scholarly journals A stratigraphic sequence of six thousand years : Preliminary report on the rescue excavation at the site of the former Óbuda Distillery (BUSZESZ)

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Gábor Szilas ◽  
Tibor Budai Balogh ◽  
Barbara Hajdu ◽  
Viktória Kisjuhász ◽  
Adrienn Pap ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Pneumatic Drill ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequence ◽  
Dust Clouds ◽  
Public Baths ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Excavation Site ◽  
Suburban Railway

Árpád period pit houses with a stone oven, Roman period brick graves and public baths, debris from Middle Bronze Age buildings, an Early Bronze Age cemetery, and Late Copper Age clay pit complexes – the thousands of archaeological features that appeared one below the other in a several metres thick stratigraphic sequence, and the nearly thousand boxes of finds are only one side of the coin. The other is represented by the constant roar of the machines, the deafening noise and the dust clouds from the pneumatic drill, the rhythmical sound of the suburban railway, the hubbub of construction workers, and the tight archaeological deadlines. At the site of the former Óbuda Distillery, during the almost three years of test and rescue excavations, we have encountered nearly all known elements of urban archaeology. We also appreciate that, in spite of the difficulties, we were given a unique, extraordinary and perhaps unparalleled opportunity. The site, after all, lies at the edge of the historical cores of the Roman Military Town and medieval Óbuda. The excavation site is noteworthy not only in terms of its vertical but also its horizontal extent. Following the highly informative period of fieldwork, hopefully we can begin the analysis as soon as possible, through which we may understand, step by step, the significance of this special place, where, until now, there lay the stratigraphic sequence of six thousand years of human presence.

Nicht nur Ötzi? – Neufunde aus dem Tisental (Gem. Schnals/Prov. Bozen)

2014 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Putzer ◽  
Daniela Festi
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Peat Deposits ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Impact

Seit der Entdeckung des „Mannes aus dem Eis“ im Jahre 1991 wird dessen Aufenthalt im Hochgebirge meist mit der weidewirtschaftlichen Nutzung des Schnalstals begründet. Um den Beginn der vertikalen Transhumanz im Einzugsgebiet dieses Menschen zeitlich festzumachen, wurden die Seitentäler Lagaun-, Finail-, Tisen- und Penaud tal begangen, um nach archäologischen Fundstellen zu suchen, die eine weidewirtschaftliche Nutzung des Untersuchungsgebietes bestätigen. Parallel dazu wurden Pollenproben aus den bestehenden Hochmooren im Schnalstal untersucht. Die erzielten Ergebnisse bezeugen erst ab der mittleren Bronzezeit eine zunehmende Präsenz des Menschen und seiner Herden. Botanisch äußert sich dies durch den erheblichen Anstieg von Weidezeigern in den entsprechenden Pollenspektren, archäologisch durch die Entdeckung einer Fundstelle im Finailtal, die mit der Weidewirtschaft in Verbindung steht. Die neu entdeckte Fundstelle Jochwiese im Tisental deutet eher auf eine Nutzung des Tales zu Jagdzwecken hin.Depuis la découverte de l’Homme des Glaces en 1991 son passage dans une zone de haute altitude a été interprété avant tout comme un indice de l’exploitation pastorale de la vallée du Schnals (Schnalstal, Val Senales). Afin de mieux cerner le début de la transhumance dans les pâturages d’altitude de la zone se rattachant à la découverte de l’Homme des Glaces des prospections pédestres ont été effectuées dans les vallées du Lagaun, Finail, Tisen et Penaud, le but étant d’identifier des sites archéologiques qui pourraient étayer l’hypothèse d’une exploitation pastorale de la zone d’étude. Des échantillons de pollen provenant des hautes tourbières de la vallée du Schnals ont été analysés en parallèle. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que la présence de groupes humains et de leurs troupeaux n’augmente qu’à partir de l’âge du Bronze moyen. Les données botaniques indiquent en effet une augmentation importante d’espèces indiquant des pâturages dans les courbes de pollen correspondantes. Du point de vue archéologique, la découverte d’un site dans la vallée du Finail peut être mise en relation avec une exploitation pastorale, tandis que le nouveau site de Jochwiese dans la vallée du Tisen permet plutôt de l’interpréter comme ayant servi à la chasse.Since the discovery of the Iceman in 1991 his presence at high altitude has been mainly interpreted in terms of the pastoral exploitation of the Schnalsvalley (Schnalstal, Val Senales). In order to document the beginnings of transhumance to high pastures (vertical transhumance) in the catchment area of the Iceman the lateral valleys of the Lagaun, Finail, Tisen and Penaud were fieldwalked, with the aim of identifying archaeological sites that would support the hypothesis of a pastoral exploitation of the area. Pollen profils from the high peat deposits of the Schnals valley were analysed in parallel with this exercise. The results indicate that the impact of people and their herds is discernible only from the Middle Bronze Age onwards. The botanical data show a significant increase of pasture indicators in the corresponding pollen spectra. The archaeological evidence has been bolstered by the discovery of a site in the Finail valley which can be related to pastoralism. On the other hand, the newlydiscovered site of Jochwiese in the Tisen valley suggests that it served hunting purposes.

From tools to production: recent research on textile economies in Greece

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 109-128
Author(s):  
Bela Dimova ◽  
Margarita Gleba
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wool Fibre ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Textile Production ◽  
Spindle Whorls ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Of Greece

The aim of this report is to provide a summary of the latest developments in the textile archaeology of Greece and the broader Aegean from the Neolithic through to the Roman period, focusing in particular on recent research on textile tools. Spindle-whorls and loomweights appeared in the Aegean during the Neolithic and by the Early Bronze Age weaving on the warp-weighted loom was well established across the region. Recent methodological advances allow the use of the physical characteristics of tools to estimate the quality of the yarns and textiles produced, even in the absence of extant fabrics. The shapes of spindle-whorls evolved with the introduction of wool fibre, which by the Middle Bronze Age had become the dominant textile raw material in the region. The spread of discoid loomweights from Crete to the wider Aegean has been linked to the wider Minoanization of the area during the Middle Bronze Age, as well as the mobility of weavers. Broader issues discussed in connection with textile production include urbanization, the spread of different textile cultures and the identification of specific practices (sealing) and previously unrecognized technologies (splicing), as well as the value of textiles enhanced by a variety of decorative techniques and purple dyeing.

scholarly journals Emotionally evaluative attitude of parents in the high conflict families to each other and the child

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-141
Author(s):  
S.S. Kulakov
Keyword(s):  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Semantic Differential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dysfunctional Families ◽  
Psychiatric Examination ◽  
High Conflict ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Conflictual Relationship

The increasing number of dysfunctional families causes an increase in the number of civil litigation on the education of the child, where the relationship between the persons are highly conflictual. The actual task is study the one of components in the structure of the psychological relationship - emotional and semantic constructs underlying semantic perception of each other and the child's parents. Examination of 42 testees (parents) from harmonious families and 54 testees (parents) during the forensic psychological and psychiatric examination (regarding the definition of child`s residence or the order of meetings for the child and the parent who don`t live with it) by methods "Geometric test of relations" and "Semantic Differential" showed that in families where is highly conflictual relationship, there is positive assessments of herself and her child, while assessment of the spouse (wife) characterized inversion. This negative attitude toward the spouse (wife) is not the other parent's negative characteristics. It is the ignoring the other parent's positive characteristics. The positive acceptance of all family members was revealed in harmonious families.

scholarly journals Handling i narratologien, litteraturen og livet

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (101) ◽  
pp. 122-139
Author(s):  
Thor Grünbaum
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Action in Narratology, Literature, and LifeIn this article I argue that the representation of simple, bodily action has the function of endowing the narrative sequence with a visualizing power: It makes the narrated scenes or situations ready for visualization by the reader or listener. By virtue of this visualizing power or disposition, these narrated actions disrupt the theoretical divisions, on the one hand, between the narrated story and the narrating discourse, and on the other hand, between plot-narratology and discourse-narratology. As narrated actions they seem to belong to the domain of plot-narratology, but in so far as they serve an important visualizing function, these narrated actions have a communicative function and as such they can be said to belong to the domain of discourse-narratology. In a first part of the article, I argue that a certain type of plot-narratology, due to its retrospective epistemology and abstract definition of action, is unable to conceive of this visualizing function. In a second part, I argue that discourse-narratology fares no better since the visualizing function is independent of voice and focalization. In a final part, I sketch a possible account of the visualizing function of simple actions in narratives.

scholarly journals Emberi ábrázolás a Változások korában, 4000 és 2000 BC között

2014 ◽  
pp. 113-144
Author(s):  
Tünde Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Copper Age ◽  
Cultural Impacts ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
Archaeological Cultures ◽  
The Bronze Age

Our survey should by necessity begin earlier, from the close of the Middle Age Copper Age, and should extend to much later, at least until the onset of the Middle Bronze Age, in order to identify and analyse the appearance and spread of the cultural impacts affecting the Baden complex, their in-teraction with neighbouring cultures and, finally, their decline or transformation. Discussed here will be the archaeological cultures flourishing between 4200/4000 and 2200/2000 BC, from the late phase of the Middle Copper Age to its end (3600 BC), the Late Copper Age (ending in 2800 BC), the transi-tion between the Copper Age and the Bronze Age (ending in 2600 BC), and the Early Bronze Age 1–3 (ending in 2000 BC), which I have termed the Age of Transformation.

scholarly journals Exchange networks from close-up: The case of Lipari obsidian

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Vianello ◽  
Robert Howard Tykot
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Explanatory Model ◽  
Early Bronze Age ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Single Source ◽  
Early Neolithic ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Middle Bronze Age

A systematic study on obsidian tools in Calabria and Sicily carried out by the authors have revealed the uniqueness in the patterns of production, exchange and consumption of Lipari obsidian. The study has concentrated on the Middle Neolithic primarily, with other Neolithic and Bronze Age contexts recognised at a later stage in the research since many contexts, especially in Sicily, have been excavated by pioneering archaeologists, some over a century ago, or were mislabelled. The chronology is Early Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, with very few materials dating Middle Bronze Age. A review of chronological contexts is in progress, which spans from the 6th millennium BC to the end of the 2nd millennium BC. The typology of obsidian tools is very homogenous, the vast majority of used tools are small blades, bladelets and sharp flakes; there is negligible variance across time; and Lipari obsidian is preferred over other sources. The patterns of the exchanges are also unique, revealing two major types of redistribution of obsidian, one particularly intriguing because it is quite organized with a single source in Lipari, prominent and reminiscent for its stability and reach of Bronze Age redistribution dynamics associated with hierarchical societies. We present here some observations on patterns substantiated by the archaeological record, and consider possible scenarios that can explain them. This work provides an update on progressing research and reveals aspects that will need further investigation, focusing on the patterns identified so far and possible explanations. More work is certainly needed to produce a working model, but the unusual patterns deserve some attention on their own, unencumbered by an overarching explanatory model. In particular, we want to assess the Neolithic redistribution pattern suggestive as typical of hierarchical polities, and contextualize it to the specific situation of Neolithic Lipari.

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