scholarly journals The Hittite Notion of Border. A practical view

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kryszeń
Keyword(s):  
Reference System ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Cardinal Directions ◽  
Specific Part ◽  
Point Of Reference

The Hittite cuneiform texts (16th-12th cent. BCE) contain a number of detailed descriptions of borders of various countries and territories. Such fragments, mainly found in the international treaties as well as the annals of the kings, clearly reflect the particular formal interest on the part of the Hittite rulers in specific delimitation of political territories. Although the Hittite listings of the topographical points, which make up a frontier can extend over many lines of texts, one never finds any use of cardinal directions which would indicate the position of these points. Instead, the Hittite scribes applied a peculiar internal reference system that combines the position of the speaker and another point of reference in order to locate a specific part of the border. The talk will briefly review the corpus of the Hittite border descriptions and discuss how such fragments were conceptualized. It will also tackle the question, whether they reflect a ‘bird’s eye’, cartographic view of the land, or rather a ground-level, hodological perspective.

Internal reference system based on poly(ethylene oxide) networks

1997 ◽  
Vol 44 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 554-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Gondran ◽  
E Siebert ◽  
P Fabry
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Reference System ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Poly Ethylene Oxide ◽  
Poly Ethylene

Oecuménisme méthodologique et dialogue entre paradigmes

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (S1) ◽  
pp. 37-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Haldemann ◽  
Ron Lévy
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Joint Research ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Quality Research ◽  
External Point ◽  
Point Of Reference ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACTWhile multi-method research is currently provoking much interest, there is little reflection on the legitimacy of this kind of research and on the conditions for achieving high quality research. This article first describes the scientific and socio-political contexts from which this movement towards multi-method research has emerged. It then goes on to discuss why comparative analysis is central to the triangulation of methods and why the notion of triangulation itself requires an external point of reference. It is suggested that the reason why we produce only half-hearted or even illigitimate comparisons is because the reference points are hidden. For multi-method research to be of high quality it must clearly externalize valid inferences at each moment in the spiral of knowledge, identify its analytical logic and establish its internal reference points. (This article is the result of joint research and the respective positions of the authors are reflected in the way in which the article is presented.)

scholarly journals Do Princípio à Prática: um estudo sobre as políticas públicas para direitos humanos e o caso do refúgio no Canadá

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Do Amaral Loureiro ◽  
Luiz Felipy Dos Santos Costa Leomil
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
International Community ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Legal Power ◽  
Politica Publica ◽  
Point Of Reference

Os Direitos Humanos são princípios que orientam ou devem orientar as ações dos Estados, sociedades e indivíduos, porém, estes não possuem necessariamente o poder de configurar obrigações jurídicas. Bucci (2001) argumenta que para transformá-los de princípios em instrumentos com poder de regra, é necessário estabelecer políticas públicas para direitos humanos. Assim, este trabalho busca verificar a hipótese da autora através de um estudo de caso  sobre o sistema de refúgio no Canadá a fim de observar os efeitos causados pela construção de uma política pública apropriada para abordar o problema em questão. O país, que aderiu tardiamente aos acordos internacionais sobre o refúgio, não somente adequou-se às normas propostas pela comunidade internacional, comotornou-se referência na recepção, proteção e reassentamento de refugiados.Palavras-chave: Políticas Públicas, Direitos Humanos, Canadá.ABSTRACTHuman Rights are principles that guide, or should guide, the actions of States and societies and individuals, but they don’t necessarily have the power to create judicial obligations. Bucci (2001) states that the path to transform them from principles to tools with legal power, it is necessary to develop public policies for human rights. Therefore, this work aspires to verify the author’s hypothesis through a case study on Canada’s refuge system to observe the effects of the development of an appropriate public policy to this end. The country, a late adherent to the international treaties on refugees, not only adapted to the norms proposed by the international community but also became a point of reference for the reception, protection and resettlement of refugees.Keywords: Public Policies, Human Rights, Canada.Recebido em: 11 fev. 2019 | Aceito em: 03 dez. 2019

Correction of geometric errors associated with the 3-D reconstruction of geological materials by precision serial lapping

1998 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 783-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Marschallinger
Keyword(s):  
Reference System ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Internal Reference ◽  
Geological Materials ◽  
Common System ◽  
Position Errors ◽  
Raster Image ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Digital Sample

AbstractPrecision serial lapping in combination with raster image acquisition is an efficient and versatile approach to 3-D microstructure reconstruction of geological materials. However, during associated sample preparation and data acquisition, geometric inaccuracies are introduced, which, if neglected, severely distort the desired 3-D models of minerals and rock fabrics. A novel method is presented to assess and correct the relative shifts and rotations between the images acquired at the individual erosion levels. The method relies on optical reflection prisms which provide a precise internal reference system that allows all images making up an erosion series to be registered on a common system of coordinates. Tested on a microanalyser with digital sample stage control, the method yielded position errors between successive images of approximately 1 µm. A thorough description of the mechanical design of the reference system and the coordinate transformation formulae are given.

The Vision of “John, Hermit of the Asturias”: Lucas of Tuy, Apostolic Religion, and Eschatological Expectation

Traditio ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 195-214
Author(s):  
Robert E. Lerner ◽  
Christine Morerod
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Religious History ◽  
The State ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Prophetic Vision ◽  
History Of ◽  
To Come ◽  
Point Of Reference

Although the study of high- and late-medieval eschatological prophecy has gained considerable momentum in the last few decades, much ground-level work remains to be done. A case in point is the state of knowledge concerning a prophetic vision attributed to “John, Hermit of the Asturias,” published in 1941 in Alsace by the Franciscan scholar Livarius Oliger. Because no sustained treatment of this thirteenth-century text has appeared since then, Oliger's publication has remained the sole point of reference. But it is inadequate. Oliger was unable to identify the author of the text or to come within decades of a correct dating. He was also unaware of much relevant data. Whereas he knew of only two independent manuscript copies of the vision and a version included in a life of Saint Dominic, I have identified four more manuscript copies, as well as a misplaced one and a substantial passage from the vision in a fourteenth-century treatise. Given that the text is a revealing document concerning the religious history of the second quarter of the thirteenth century, it is time to return to it.

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