scholarly journals Multi-National Policies for the Universal Service Obligation in the Postal Sector under Entry

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Crew ◽  
Paul R. Kleindorfer
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Universal Service ◽  
National Agency ◽  
National Policies ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Universal Service Obligation ◽  
Postal Sector ◽  
Competitive Entry

Suppose a multi-national agency can set minimum standards for the postal USO that apply to the countries under its jurisdiction, and that each country is required to comply with, or exceed, these standards. We examine the trade-offs that ensue across countries in designing an efficient USO at the multi-national level when these postal markets are also simultaneously opened to competitive entry. In particular, the paper examines when "subsidiarty dominates" (in which case the multinational regulator should leave the determination of the USO entirely in the hands of national regulators) and when some intervention by the multi-national regulator is desirable.

scholarly journals Price Controls in the Postal Sector: A Welfare Analysis of Alternative Control Structures

2008 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillippe De Donder ◽  
Helmuth Cremer ◽  
Paul Dudley ◽  
Frank Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Service Provider ◽  
Welfare Analysis ◽  
Universal Service ◽  
Alternative Control ◽  
Control Structures ◽  
Price Controls ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Single Piece ◽  
Control Procedures ◽  
Postal Sector

Postal regulators set price controls in order to simultaneously ensure the provision of the universal service, promote competition and equity. We study the associated price control procedures in a model where the universal service provider offers both a single piece product and a business mail product and where entrants offer a bulk mail product. Our results from the numerical calibration of our model indicate that in the case where entry is confined only to access, a range of procedures appear capable of meeting these objectives. However, if bypass is available these trade offs become more costly.

scholarly journals Mitigating natural events to avoid disaster in public school buildings: seismic retrofitting of SDN 42 Korong Gadang

2018 ◽  
Vol 229 ◽  
pp. 02021
Author(s):  
James Mwangi ◽  
Laura Putri ◽  
Listhbeth Collins
Keyword(s):  
School Facilities ◽  
Seismic Retrofitting ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
The North ◽  
Australian Plate ◽  
West Sumatra

With over 50 million students, Indonesia has the fourth largest education system in the world. The first twelve years of education are compulsory for all citizens. The students, together with over 3 million teachers spend six (or five in some cases) days a week at over 300,000 schools, typically from 6:30 AM to 2 (or 3) PM. Geographically, Indonesia is traversed by the infamous “ring of fire” and prone to natural events resulting from the tectonic plate movements of the Australian Plate from the South, the Eurasian and Sunda Plates from the North and the Philippine Plate from the East. Left unmitigated, these natural events would lead to natural disasters emanating from resulting earthquakes and leading to tsunamis, landslides, the collapse of building structures and failure of lifelines (roads, pipelines, electrical grid, etc.). In an effort to provide disaster-safe schools, the National Agency for Disaster Management has required that school facilities be a community center in case of disasters and serve as emergency shelters. Retrofit of existing buildings will be needed to comply with government guidelines. This paper presents a case study of the determination of structural deficiencies of an existing school building in SDN 42 Korong Gadang, Padang, West Sumatra and implementation of a seismic retrofit (design and construction) at the same building to mitigate potential earthquake disaster.

The politics of European integration: A European labour movement in the making?

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Taylor ◽  
Andy Mathers
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
National Level ◽  
European Level ◽  
Member States ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Boundaries

This paper explores the logical and historical determinants of European integration and reflects on the potential and dangers this presents for labour movement renewal. Through the principle of ‘subsidiarity’ a regulatory gap has been established between political mobilisation at the national level and neo-liberal regulation at the European level. The historical determination of this form is traced through an exploration of the social struggles against neo-liberalism that have developed within member states and transnational mobilizations that bridge this regulatory gap by linking resistance across national boundaries.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals Content in Phaeophyceae from Malang Rapat Waters, Bintan

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
Hilda Novianty ◽  
Emienour Muzalina Mustafa ◽  
Suratno Suratno
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Metal Contamination ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Brown Macroalgae ◽  
Turbinaria Conoides ◽  
Processed Products

The use of brown-macroalgae (Phaeophyceae) as an alginate source is very broad, covering the food and non-food industry, because of that it is necessary to know the safety of these natural resources, one of which is safe from heavy metal contamination. The purpose of this study was to determine heavy metals concentrations accumulated in several types of Phaeophyceae (brown macroalgae) as an alginate source from Malang Rapat waters, Bintan. The method used was descriptive non-experimental. The determination of the location of sampling was done by purposive sampling method. Samples were taken through free collection, identified species and measured of metal contamination concentrations for As, Cd, and Pb. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that Phaeophyceae found in Malang Rapat waters were Turbinaria conoides, Sargassum aquifolium, Padina australis, Hormophysa cuneiformis with each metal concentration contamination of As 13.95 to 23.30 µg.g-1 dry weight; Cd from 0.33 to 1.08 µg.g-1 dry weight and Pb from 4.72 to 9.92 µg.g-1 dry weight. This study showed that all metal contamination ranges in all Phaeophyceae were on the verge of the maximum limit set by the National Standardization Agency of Indonesia Indonesian (SNI) No 7387 of 2009 and National Agency of Drug and Food Control of RI (BPOM) Regulation No 5 of 2018 for dried macroalgae product so that Phaeophyceae from Malang Rapat waters - Bintan was not safe to be used as raw material for alginate source or other processed products of brown-macroalgae.

scholarly journals SafetyNet - A New Approach to Rural and Remote Communications

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
John De Ridder ◽  
Robin Eckermann
Keyword(s):  
Black Spot ◽  
Universal Service ◽  
Rural And Remote ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Large Step ◽  
Rural And Remote Areas ◽  
Universal Service Obligation ◽  
Remote Communications ◽  
Fixed Wireless ◽  
Radical Approach

Rural and remote areas will continue to struggle to keep up with urban telecommunications despite the progress that has been made with initiatives such as the Mobile Black Spot Program (MBSP) and the NBN fixed wireless and satellite. But, now a more radical approach is needed as we consider updating the Universal Service Obligation, public safety network options and mobile roaming. Instead of more expensive small gains at the margin, or a counterproductive roaming arrangements, we should take a large step forward by having the Commonwealth, States and MNOs work together.

The Governance System of the European Energy Union and Climate Action

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Schlacke ◽  
Michèle Knodt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
National Level ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Member States ◽  
Energy Union ◽  
Climate Action ◽  
Protection Goals

On 24 December 2018, the Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 on the governance system of the Energy Union and Climate Action entered into force. The Governance Regulation provides the European Union with a new regulatory regime for renewable energies and energy efficiency. It has the function of an ‘Umbrella Regulation’ which aims at the overarching control of energy and climate policies for the period 2021 to 2030. Its target is to implement the climate protection goals of the Paris Agreement. At the same time, it represents a compromise and compensation for the European Union’s lack of competences in the area of energy supply, especially concerning the determination of the energy mix of the Member States. Despite choosing a Regulation (which applies automatically) as the legislative tool, its steering and sanctioning mechanisms are in this respect rather ‘soft’: The Regulation gives the Member States a wide scope of decision-making. Which goals and instruments are established by the Governance Regulation, which scope of decision making remains at the national level, how Germany exercises its decision making powers and how it should be exercised are key questions addressed in this article.

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