Revisiting the Universal Service Obligation Scheme

In this Journal’s tradition of revisiting past papers which have relevance to today’s events, this article reminds us of the value of the paper “Better telecommunications services for all Australians.” (2015) by Reg Coutts. This paper makes five interrelated recommendations to replace the current Universal Service Obligation (USO) policy in Australia, given the NBN rollout and customer preference for mobile services anywhere anytime. Some of its recommendations were arguably taken up by the Productivity Commission’s Public Inquiry into the USO in 2016-17, and implemented by the Australian Government in the form of a new Universal Service Guarantee.

Daftar Isi JPI Vol. 4 No. 1

Indah Puspita Sari, I. P. S., Dr. Robinson Situmorang, M.Pd, & Santi Maudiarti, S.E., M.Pd. (2021). A, The Orientation Training Design at Ombudsman Republik Indonesia. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 01 -12. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.01 Ratu FAqihSeruni ALam, & Kunto, I. (2021). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Content Wheel di Program Studi Teknologi Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Jakarta. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 13 - 20. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.02 Sulistiyo Handayani, Prawiradilaga, D. S., & suprayekti, S. (2021). Pengembangan Program Pembelajaran Tahsin di Lembaga Semi Otonom Qur’an Institute UNJ. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 21 - 29. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.03 Al Giffary, K., siregar, eveline, & utomo, erry. (2021). Need analysis Analisis Kebutuhan untuk Peningkatan Kompetensi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Guru di Program Sekolah Universal Service Obligation. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 30 - 34. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.04 Mardiati, Y., Kunto , I., & Kustandi, C. (2021). A Learning Development Based on Social Learning Networks Microsoft Teams in Animation Courses. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 35 - 42. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.05 Abu Dzar Al Ghifari, Retno Widyaningrum, S.Sos, MM., & Santi Maudiarti S.E, M.Pd. (2021). Pengembangan Konten Pembelajaran di Media Sosial Instagram untuk Mata Pelajaran Sosiologi Kelas X di SMAN 103 Jakarta. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 43 - 54. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.06 Ramdani, A. P., Widyaningrum, R., & HS, Z. (2021). Pengembangan Ular Tangga Pop Up Tema Benda-Benda Di Sekitar Kita Untuk Siswa Kelas V Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 55 - 61. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.07 Abiyyu, M. F., situmorang, robinson, & wirasti, murti kusuma. (2021). Pengembangan Strategi Pembelajaran Kontekstual Mata Kuliah Fotografi Pendidikan Program Studi Teknologi Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Jakarta. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 62 - 69. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.08 Prasetyo, R. P. (2021). Pengembangan Multimedia Interaktif untuk Diklat Tenaga Prawatan Listrik Aliran atas di BPTP Sofyan Hadi. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 70 - 75. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.09 Rita Mulyani, Dr. Robinson Situmorang, M.Pd, & Kunto , I. (2021). The Development of Blended Learning Courses Development of Education and Training Programs State University of Jakarta. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 76 - 81. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.10 Dinar Nur Syifa, Khaerudin, & Mulyadi. (2021). Pengembangan Learning Materials untuk E-learning Mata Kuliah Metodologi Penelitian. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 82 - 90. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.11 Chatarina Megapuspita, Cecep Kustandi, M.Pd, & Ariani, D. (2021). Pengembangan Learning Object Media Pembelajaran di Program Studi Teknologi Pendidikan UNJ. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 91 - 99. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.12 Noriska, N. J., Widyaningrum, R., & Nursetyo, K. I. (2021). Pengembangan Microlearning pada Mata Kuliah Difusi Inovasi Pendidikan di Prodi Teknologi Pendidikan. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 100 - 107. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.13 Kunto, I., Ariani, D., widyaningrum, retno, & syahyani, regita. (2021). Ragam Storyboard Untuk Produksi Media Pembelajaran. Jurnal Pembelajaran Inovatif, 4(1), 108 - 120. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPI.041.14

Need analysis Analisis Kebutuhan untuk Peningkatan Kompetensi Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi Guru di Program Sekolah Universal Service Obligation

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari kesenjangan apa saja yang muncul sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan kompetensi guru di wilayah 3T. Model yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah model 3 Fase Needs Assessment oleh Witkin dan Altschuld. Model ini terdiri dari 3 fase utama yakni Pre-assessment, Assessment dan Post-assessment. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan berupa kuesioner, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Informan pada penelitian ini adalah 1 orang staff bidang SDM Pendidikan Pustekkom Kemendikbud, 26 orang guru, 1 orang validator dan 1 orang ahli materi. Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu kesemua aspek yang berjumlah tiga belas dinyatakan terdapat kesenjangan, sehingga membutuhkan tindak lanjut agar dapat meningkatkan kinerja guru di wilayah 3T. Rekomendasi solusi yang diberikan berupa intervensi instruksional dan non instruksional. Pada intervensi instruksional terdiri dari pelatihan, Focus Group Discussion serta workshop. Pada intervensi non instruksional terdiri dari mentoring, coaching, sharing session, sosialisasi serta branding awareness

Strategi Optimalisasi Program Mobile Pusat Layanan Internet Kecamatan (M-Plik) Di Kota Palopo

Pada Tahun 2010, Pemerintah melalui Kementerian Komunikasi dan Informatika meluncurkan Program Pusat Layanan Internet Kecamatan (PLIK) dan Program Mobile Pusat Layanan Internet Kecamatan (M-PLIK). Program ini merupakan bagian dari Program Layanan Universal Service Obligation (USO) dengan layanan dasar (voice) hingga layanan data (internet). Namun setelah di evaluasi, ditemukan bahwa program ini menimbulkan persolan dimana-mana, mulai dari penyebaran program ini yang tidak merata, masalah utang piutang dengan pihak yang terlibat, terbengkalainya puluhan armada M- PLIK di beberapa daerah, sampai kepada terendusnya tindak korupsi yang dilakukan pejabat Kemkominfo. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan tentang kondisi Program M-PLIK di Kota Palopo, informasi bahwa M-PLIK masih beroperasi di Kota Palopo, namun sejak Tahun 2015 tidak lagi digunakan sebagai fungsi utamanya, tetapi hanya digunakan sebagai mobil operasional Kemkominfo di Kota Palopo sehingga program ini tidak lagi berjalan dengan optimal. Melalui penelitian ini, dirumuskan strategi-strategi yang digunakan untuk mengoptimalkan kembali Program M-PLIK ini. Hasil penelitian ini berupa formulasi strategi optimalisasi. Hasil strategi-strategi optimalisasi dipetakan ke dalam tiga kategori yaitu strategi optimalisasi berdasarkan pencapaian kinerja maksimal, strategi optimalisasi berdasarkan penggunaan biaya minimal, dan kombinasi terbaik dari kinerja maksimal dan biaya minimal. In 2010, the Government through the Ministry of Communication and Informatics launched the District Internet Service Center Program (PLIK) and the District Internet Service Center Mobile Program (M-PLIK). This program is part of the Universal Service Obligation (USO) with basic services (voice) to data services (internet). However, after being evaluated, it was found that this program caused problems everywhere, starting from the uneven distribution of this program, debt problems with the parties involved, the neglect of dozens of M-PLIK fleets in several areas, to the detection of corruption by the Ministry of Communication and Information officials. Based on observations about the conditions of the M-PLIK Program in Palopo City, information was obtained that the M-PLIK fleet is still operating in Palopo City. However, since 2015 it has no longer been used as its main function but is only used as an operational car for the Ministry of Communication and Information official in Palopo City so that this program is not running optimally. Through this research, strategies are formulated to optimize the M-PLIK Program. The results of this study are in the form of an optimization strategy formulation. The results of the optimization strategies are mapped into three categories, namely optimization strategies based on achieving maximum performance, optimization strategies based on the use of minimal costs, and the best combination of maximum performance and minimum costs.

The rise of the policy-takers: Universal service policy adoption in Jordan and Morocco

In the late 1990s, Jordan and Morocco revised their telecommunications regulation drastically. Though these regulations were first largely inspired by the European Union policy models, each country gradually developed more autonomy, individually tailoring their regulatory frameworks overtime. The case of Universal Service Obligation (USO) policies show that while Jordan remained aligned with the European Union, Moroccan policy-makers diverged from the European Union by adopting alternative policies, inspired by the Latin American reverse-auction models. Research focusing on Euro-Mediterranean regulatory contexts commonly expect neighbouring countries to converge with EU regulatory models. Yet, borrowing on policy diffusion literature and specifically the mechanisms of learning and imitation, this article shows that policy-takers intentionally decided on the (non)adoption of USO policies. Thus, research needs to take the role of policy-takers seriously and acknowledge avenues for bidirectional convergence.

EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS OF UNIVERSAL SERVICE OBLIGATION: A CASE OF 29 DESIGNATED OPERATORS IN THE EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

The main aim of this paper is to perform efficiency and productivity analysis of Universal Service Obligation (USO) based on the Malmquist Productivity Indices (MPI) analysis. The study focuses on 29 Designated Operators (DOs) and two isolated periods, the years 2003 and 2017. There is a clear trend of workforce reduction (12%). Considering the postal services, the data confirm a general trend that the letter-post is in decline (30%) and the parcels are on the rise (52%). Considering the financial results, both costs and revenues are increased; however, there is a higher increase of revenue (33.13%) compared to the cost (32.61%). Further, the results of implemented methodology are twofold. Firstly, a progress is determined at the average level of all observed DOs according to the efficiency and productivity indicators. Among other, the results indicate the increase of productivity for both input MPI (3.5%) and output MPI (8%). However, there are significant variations of efficiency and productivity at the individual level. Secondly, the aim of research was also to examine the sources of productivity changes by considering postal market liberalization, ownership, marketing services and e-commerce. Our findings show that the last three specified variables contribute to the explanation of productivity change.

The rise of the policy-takers: Universal service policy adoption in Jordan and Morocco

In the late 1990s, Jordan and Morocco revised their telecommunications regulation drastically. Though these regulations were first largely inspired by the European Union policy models, each country gradually developed more autonomy, individually tailoring their regulatory frameworks overtime. The case of Universal Service Obligation (USO) policies show that while Jordan remained aligned with the European Union, Moroccan policy-makers diverged from the European Union by adopting alternative policies, inspired by the Latin American reverse-auction models. Research focusing on Euro-Mediterranean egulatory contexts commonly expect neighbouring countries to converge with EU regulatory models. Yet, borrowing on policy diffusion literature and specifically the mechanisms of learning and imitation, this article shows that policy-takers intentionally decided on the (non)adoption of USO policies. Thus, research needs to take the role of policy-takers seriously and acknowledge avenues for bidirectional convergence.

Promoting Digital Inclusion Through the NBN

This is the speech given by Ms Corbin at the TelSoc NBN Futures forum held in Melbourne on 22 October 2019. She spoke on how to include all Australians in the National Broadband Network through more affordable pricing of services, continued and improving reliability of access, and an evolution of the Universal Service Obligation.

Improving affordability of communications

In March 2013 the Australian Communications Consumer Action Network (ACCAN), Australia’s peak advocacy body for telecommunications consumers, organised a forum to discuss communications affordability with the aim of identifying research gaps and potential policy directions. The results of a joint ACCAN-Anglicare Victoria research project show that telecommunications are not universally accessible. Almost 6% of their clients were deprived of all forms of telecommunications and almost half (45.3%) had only had one form of telecommunication. It is argued that the National Broadband Network alone will not resolve affordability challenges for the lowest-income consumers. A range of affordability policy ideas outlined at the forum are canvassed with an emphasis on reforming the universal service obligation and developing new government initiatives.