The history of the use of chemical warfare agents during the World War I

The publication contains a synthesis of knowledge about chemical weapon and its use during the First World War and in the period after that war, until the nerve agent discovery. It describes chemical warfare agents (CWAs) that were discovered, produced, and used on the battlefield at that time. They are referred to as the first and second CWAs generation. Keywords: chemical weapon, chemical warfare agents, World War I, interwar period

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Force versus law: The International Committee of the Red Cross and chemical warfare in the Italo-Ethiopian war 1935–1936

International Review of the Red Cross ◽

10.1017/s0020860400090781 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 38 (322) ◽

pp. 81-104

Author(s):

Rainer Baudendistel

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

International Committee ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

League Of Nations ◽

Red Cross ◽

Biological Warfare ◽

World War ◽

Warfare Agents ◽

First Time

During World War I, chemical warfare agents were widely used for the first time on all major fronts with an unprecedented number of casualties, and immediately after the war attempts were made to outlaw this latest weapon. Responsibility for the drafting of specific laws fell to the League of Nations, reflecting the belief that this was a matter of concern for the whole world, not just for the victors in the war. On 17 June 1925, the Geneva Protocol for the prohibition of the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and of bacteriological methods of warfare was signed by 26 States.3 It contained a categorical prohibition to resort to chemical and biological warfare. The signature of the Protocol raised high hopes of an effective ban on chemical warfare, but adherence progressed slowly. A number of States, visibly not trusting the Protocol to be implemented in the forthright manner suggested by the text, made major reservations.

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Ukraine and the Challenges of Post-Totalitarian Transit (1990-2019)

10.15407/akademperiodyka.442.592 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Volodymyr Holovko ◽

◽

Larysa Yakubova ◽

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Essential Feature ◽

State Building ◽

Self Awareness ◽

World War ◽

Successful Completion ◽

Wide Audience ◽

The Third ◽

The World ◽

History Of

The key problems of nation- and state-building are revealed in the concept of the chronotope of the Ukrainian “long twentieth century,” which is a hybrid projection of the “long nineteenth century.” An essential feature of this stage in the history of Ukraine and Ukrainians is the realization of the intentions of socioeconomic, ethnocultural and political emancipation: in fact, the end of the Ukrainian revolution, which began in the context of World War I and the destruction of the colonial system. The third book tells about the contradictions of post-Soviet transit. The three modern revolutions, the development of “oligarchic republics,” the subjectivization of Ukraine in the world through self-awareness of the European choice are visible manifestations of the final stage of the century-old Ukrainian revolution and anti-colonial liberation war. The essential transformations of the Ukrainian project are understood in the broad optics of post-totalitarian transit, the successful completion of which now rules for the national idea of Ukraine. For a wide audience.

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Introduction

10.5406/illinois/9780252038686.003.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Thomas I. Faith

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Public Image ◽

Industrial Complex ◽

Institutional History ◽

World War ◽

Military Industrial Complex ◽

History Of ◽

The Military ◽

The U.S

This book documents the institutional history of the Chemical Warfare Service (CWS), the U.S. Army organization responsible for chemical warfare, from its origins in 1917 through Amos A. Fries's departure as CWS chief in 1929. It examines the U.S. chemical warfare program as it developed before the nation began sending soldiers to fight in France during World War I; the American Expeditionary Force's experiences with poison gas on the Western Front; the CWS's struggle to continue its chemical weapons program in a hostile political environment after the war; and CWS efforts to improve its public image as well as its reputation in the military in the first half of the 1920s. The book concludes with an assessment of the CWS's successes and failures in the second half of the 1920s. Through the story of the CWS, the book shows how the autonomy of the military-industrial complex can be limited when policymakers are confronted with pervasive, hostile public opinion.

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Rights and obligations of prisoners of war in the World War I and their observance in Lebedyn District of Kharkiv Province

Legal horizons ◽

10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i21.p7 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 7-14

Author(s):

N.V. Lobko

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

International Law ◽

Legal Status ◽

Prisoners Of War ◽

World War ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

State Archives ◽

The Russian Empire

History of World War I that due to its global consequences started a new stage of development of European civilization still draws attention of many researchers. One of the most interesting topics for researchers is the topic of war imprisonment during the World War I. Stay of prisoners of war in the territory of Ukraine is a scantily studied issue. The objects of this study are prisoners of war who were in Lebedyn district of Kharkiv province during the World War I (1914–1918). The subject of the research is the legal status of prisoners of war, the protection of their rights and the observance of their duties. The author analyzed norms of international law and Russian legislation for regulation conditions of war imprisonment during the period of war. Using materials of Lebedyn District of Kharkiv Province, being deposited in the archives of Sumy Region, the author examines the legal status of prisoners of war, the protection of their rights and the observance of their duties. The position of prisoners of war during the World War I on Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire was determined by the norms of international law and Russian legislation for regulation conditions of war imprisonment during the period of war. Using the archival sources kept in funds of the State Archives of Sumy Region, it was found that the rights of prisoners of war were generally ensured on the territory of the Lebedyn District of Kharkiv Province. However, there were not a few cases when Austrian and German prisoners suffered from hunger, domestic inconvenience and abuse by employers. There were also repeated violations of their duties by prisoners of war. The most common violations were refusal to work, leaving the workplace.

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Ghost in the Shell - Collection of Old Scientific Instruments of Laboratory for Experimental Psychology

ACTA IMEKO ◽

10.21014/acta_imeko.v7i3.554 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 117

Author(s):

Oliver Toskovic

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Experimental Psychology ◽

Scientific Discipline ◽

Scientific Instruments ◽

World War ◽

Psychology Laboratory ◽

Wilhelm Wundt ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

Kingdom Of Yugoslavia

Creating of Collection of old scientific instruments of Laboratory for experimental psychology, Faculty of philosophy, University of Belgrade is an attempt to preserve a part of history of science in Serbia. There are around 100 instruments in Collection, which mostly came to Belgrade within German war reparations to Kingdom of Yugoslavia, after the World War I. Most of the instruments were made in workshop of E. Zimmermann, precise mechanic of the first psychology laboratory in the world, founded in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig. They can be grouped on those aimed for examining visual and auditory perception, memory and learning, kimography and ergography and those designed for investigating emotions. Together with books and journals from 19th and beginning of 20th century, instruments create an ensemble based on which it is possible to reconstruct one psychological laboratory from the very beginning of development this scientific discipline.

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Future Considerations for the Medical Management of Nerve-Agent Intoxication

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine ◽

10.1017/s1049023x00001072 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 208-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Pål Aas

Keyword(s):

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Nerve Agents ◽

Nerve Agent ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Weapons Of Mass Destruction ◽

Terrorist Attacks ◽

International Conflicts ◽

Mass Destruction ◽

The World ◽

Warfare Agents

AbstractThe use of chemical warfare agents against civilians and unprotected troops in international conflicts or by terrorists against civilians is considered to be a real threat, particularly following the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 against the World Trade Center in New York and against the Pentagon in Washington, DC. Over the past 10 years, terrorists have been planning to use or have used chemical warfare agents on several occasions around the world, and the attacks in 2001 illustrate their willingness to use any means of warfare to cause death and destruction among civilians. In spite of new international treaties with strong verification measures and with an aim to prohibit and prevent the use of weapons of mass destruction, nevertheless, some countries and terrorist groups have been able to develop, produce, and use such weapons, particularly nerve agents, in domestic terrorist attacks or during warfare in international conflicts. This article reviews current medical therapy for nerve-agent intoxication and discusses possible future improvement of medical therapies.Present medical counter-measures against nerve agents are not sufficiently effective particularly in protecting the brain. Therefore, new and more effective countermeasures must be developed to enable better medical treatment of civilians and military personnel following exposure to nerve agents. Therefore, it is important with an enhanced effort by all countries, to improve and increase research in medical countermeasures, in the development of protective equipment, and in carrying out regular training of medical and emergency personnel as well as of military nuclear, biological, or chemical (NBC) units. Only then will nations be able to reduce the risk from and prevent the use of such weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

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Chemical weapon in the 20th and 21st centuries. Part 3. Organophosphorus chemical warfare agents used until the year 1970. V-group

Bulletin of the Military University of Technology ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0013.9736 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 139-163

Author(s):

Marcin Kloske ◽

Zygfryd Witkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Chemical Warfare Agents ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Chemical Warfare ◽

Chemical Weapon ◽

World War ◽

Group V ◽

Toxic Agents ◽

Warfare Agents ◽

Post War

The article contains the knowledge about the V-group of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents, named nerve agents, used since their discovery until the year 1970. Group V is the second consecutive collection of CW agents and it contains a number of chemical substances, which were considered up to the year 2018, to be the most toxic chemical compounds included in the arsenal of chemical weapons. Keywords: organophosphorus toxic agents, chemical weapon, II World War, post-war period, Cold War

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Astronomy, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the Middle Ages till the World War I

Serbian Astronomical Journal ◽

10.2298/saj0062121g ◽

2000 ◽

pp. 121-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Gaina

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Middle Ages ◽

History Of Astronomy ◽

World War ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

Russian Military ◽

The Middle Ages

A short outline of the history of astronomy, astronomical navigation, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the Middle Ages till the World War I is presented. The contribution of Rudjer Boskovic to the determination of geographical coordinates of Galati and Iasi and the triangulation of Montenegro in 1879-1880 by Russian military geodesists has been discussed as well.

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