Modern Views Concerning the Mechanisms of Blast Wave Influence on the Central Nervous System and Formation of Neurological Symptoms

2016 ◽  
Vol 0 (6.84) ◽  
pp. 139-142
Author(s):  
V.А. Коrshnyak ◽  
B.А. Nаsibullin
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blast Wave ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals The incidence and pathophysiology of neurological symptoms in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Igor V. Litvinenko ◽  
Miroslav M. Odinak ◽  
Nikolay V. Tsygan ◽  
Aleksander V. Ryabtsev
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

The central nervous system seems to be quite vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2, leading to a variety of alteration pathways, high incidence and variability of the neurological symptoms of COVID-19. The COVID-19 symptoms, possibly associated with alteration to the central nervous system, include hyperthermia, shortness of breath, fatigue, headache, dizziness, dysphonia, dysphagia, hyposmia and anosmia, hypogeusia and ageusia, impairment of consciousness. The impairment of olfaction and gustation are the most common symptoms of the nervous system alteration (98% and 70%, respectively), which is most likely a consequence of the alteration of the receptors. Presumably the pathogenesis of dysphonia and dysphagia may involve neurodegenerative mechanisms or may be associated with a predominantly demyelinating alteration of the caudal cranial nerves. Pathomorphological findings in the brain of the COVID-19 patients include diffuse hypoxic and focal ischemic injuries of various sizes up to ischemic infarctions (in thrombosis of large arteries); microangiopathy; vasculitis; diapedetic and confluent hemorrhages with possible progression to hemorrhagic infarctions and rarely intracerebral hematomas. Acute cerebrovascular accident worsens the course of COVID-19 and can worsen the clinical outcome, taking into account the mechanisms of the central nervous system alteration in highly contagious coronavirus infections (SARS-CoV, MERS, SARS-CoV-2), including embolism, hypoxia, neurodegeneration, systemic inflammatory response and immune-mediated alteartion to the nervous tissue. A fairly rare complication of coronavirus infection, however, acute myelitis requires attention due to the severity of neurological disorders. The literature data show high incidence and polymorphism of the symptoms of the central nervous system alteration, as well as the important role of the cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathogenesis of brain alteration in COVID-19, which is taken into account in examining and treating the patients with new coronavirus infection. (1 figure, bibliography: 61 refs)

scholarly journals Tembusu Virus entering the central nervous system caused nonsuppurative encephalitis without disrupting the blood-brain barrier

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Yang ◽  
Yufei Huang ◽  
Yonghong Shi ◽  
Xuebing Bai ◽  
Ping Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tembusu Virus ◽  
The Brain

Tembusu Virus (TMUV) is an emerging and re-emerging zoonotic pathogen that adversely affects poultry industry in recent years. TMUV disease is characterized by nonsuppurative encephalitis in ducklings. The duckling infection model was established to study the mechanism of TMUV crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we showed that no obvious clinical symptoms and enhancement of BBB permeability occurred at the early stage of infection (3∼5 dpi). While simultaneously virus particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy in the brain, inducing the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines. Neurological symptoms and disruption of BBB appeared at the intermediate stage of infection (7∼9 dpi). It was confirmed that TMUV could survive and propagate in brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), but did not affect the permeability of BBB in vivo and in vitro at an early date. In conclusion, TMUV enters the CNS then causes encephalitis, and finally destruct the BBB, which may be due to the direct effect of TMUV on BMECs and the subsequent response of “inflammatory storm”. IMPORTANCE The TMUV disease has caused huge losses to the poultry industry in Asia, which is potentially harmful to public health. Neurological symptoms and their sequelae are the main characters of this disease. However, the mechanism of how this virus enters the brain and causes encephalitis is unclear. In this study, we confirmed that the virus entered the CNS and then massively destroyed BBB and the BBB damage was closely associated with the subsequent outbreak of inflammation. TMUV may enter the CNS through the transcellular and “Trojan horse” pathways. These findings can fill the knowledge gap in the pathogenesis of TMUV-infected poultry and be benefit for the treatment of TMUV disease. What’s more, TMUV is a representative to study the infection of avian flavivirus. Therefore, our studies have significances both for understanding of the full scope of mechanisms of TMUV and other flavivirus infection, and conceivably, for therapeutics.

scholarly journals Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-infected patients: clinical features and diagnosis (literature review)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
E. A. Samotolkina ◽  
A. V. Pokrovskaya ◽  
S. V. Matosova ◽  
E. A. Domonova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy ◽  
Cellular Immunity ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Human Polyomavirus ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is one of the most severe opportunistic diseases of the central nervous system, which leads to multiple demyelination of brain structures, neurological symptoms and frequent death or disability of the patient. The etiological factor of this disease is Human polyomavirus 2 (JCPyV).This pathogen is widespread – antibodies are found in 80% of the world›s population. However, the clinical symptoms of this infection appear only in people with a pronounced decline in cellular immunity. Until 1980 progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy was extremely rarely diagnosed. Now days the main cause of the clinical symptoms of PML is immunodeficiency caused by HIV infection. Clinical manifestations of PML are characterized by various non-specific neurological symptoms, similar to other lesions of the central nervous system, the symptoms progress slowly over several months, and usually lead to death. Diagnosis of PML is based on laboratory and instrumental methods, such as DNA JCPyV detection in the cerebrospinal fluid, brain biopsy, and radiation diagnostic methods. There is no effective prevention and etiotropic therapy for PML. Improved parameters of cellular immunity and antiretroviral treatment in HIV positive patients significantly increase the life expectancy of patients with PML. Despite the ability of drugs to prevent the progression of the disease, pathological changes in the brain are irreversible and lead to persistent disability of patients, therefore, it is necessary to diagnose PML in the early stages of the disease.

scholarly journals Neuroinvasion and neurological complications in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
pp. 186-187
Author(s):  
O.A. Loskutov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Nausea And Vomiting ◽  
Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Consciousness Disorders ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Background. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) affects not only the alveoli but also the central nervous system. The pathogenesis of neurological complications of COVID-19 is based on the receptor damage, cytokine-mediated injury, damage of the nervous system due to hypoxia, and neuronal damage due to the retrograde transport of the virus through nerve fibers. Objective. To determine the mechanisms of coronavirus neuroinvasion and treatment of neurological complications COVID-19. Materials and methods. Analysis of literature sources and own research on this topic. Results and discussion. In 3 days after infection viral antigens are detected in the olfactory sensory neurons of the nasal cavity epithelium, which confirms the transnasal invasion of coronaviruses. According to various authors, 36.4-84 % of patients with COVID-19 have neurological manifestations. In general, neurological symptoms of COVID-19 can be divided into three categories: symptoms of the central nervous system disorders (headache, dizziness, consciousness disorders, nausea and vomiting, ataxia, acute cerebrovascular disease, and epilepsy), symptoms of the peripheral nervous system disorders (hypogeusia, hyposmia, hypopsia, and neuralgia) and musculoskeletal symptoms. As viral infections cause cytokine storm, inflammation and hyperactive oxidation, it is advisable to use antioxidants in their treatment. According to the Japanese clinical guidelines for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome, edaravone may be used as a free radical scavenger in such patients. In the experiment, edaravone reduced the area of infarction and promoted functional recovery in cerebral thrombosis. Other properties of edaravone include the prevention of excessive permeability of the pulmonary vessels’ endothelium. Own research has shown that edaravone (Ksavron, “Yuria-Pharm”) reduces the severity of inflammation and mortality in patients with COVID-19. In the control group, the level of the proinflammatory mediator interleukin-6 exceeded the upper limit of normal values by 1652.40 %, and in the Ksavron group – only by 269.97 %. Mortality in the control group was 14.3 %, and in the Ksavron group – 0 %. Conclusions. 1. Coronaviruses affect not only the lungs but also the nervous system. 2. Neurological symptoms of COVID-19 include headache, dizziness, consciousness disorders, nausea and vomiting, ataxia, acute cerebrovascular disease, hypogeusia, hyposmia, hypopsia, neuralgia, and musculoskeletal symptoms. 3. Edaravone (Ksavron) reduces the severity of inflammation and has an antioxidant effect, which justifies its use in COVID-19.

scholarly journals Neurological manifestations of COVID-19 – an approach to categories of pathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yana Leven ◽  
Julian Bösel
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Comparable Data ◽  
Neurological Manifestations ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Abstract Background Various neurological manifestations of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been reported, associated with a broad spectrum of diverse neurological symptoms and syndromes. Estimating rate and relevance of these manifestations remains difficult as there is a lack of standardised case definitions. Methods We defined comprehensive categories including most reported neurological manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 to allow for a more standardised data collection. After a literature search of MEDLINE with ten keywords, 12 selected studies and larger case series were included. We compared the rate and relevance of neurological manifestations in hospitalized patients. We propose four main categories including 1) cerebrovascular disease, 2) inflammatory syndromes of the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS) and muscle, 3) metabolic/toxic dysfunction of CNS, PNS and muscle and 4) miscellaneous disorders. Conclusion Ageusia (702) and anosmia (805) have been reported as the most common and the first occurring neurological symptoms. Cerebrovascular disease (451) and encephalopathy (663) were associated with a more severe course and worse clinical outcome. Any neurological manifestation was associated with a longer hospital stay and a higher morbidity and mortality compared to patients without neurological manifestations. We suggest reporting future neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) following a pathophysiology-based approach using standardized pre-defined case definitions to yield more specific and comparable data.

Central nervous system amyloid presenting as a mass lesion

1982 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeannette J. Townsend ◽  
Uwamie Tomiyasu ◽  
Alexander MacKay ◽  
Charles B. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Mass Lesion ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Aged Patients ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Amyloidomas of the central nervous system are rare. Two cases involving middle-aged patients with neurological symptoms are presented. Massive focal accumulations of amyloid in the cerebral hemispheres were confirmed pathologically.

scholarly journals COVID-19: A Systematic Review of The Mechanisms of Injury to The Central Nervous System This Far

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Loeb ◽  
Paulo Afonso Mei
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
The World ◽  
Positive Sense ◽  
The Central Nervous System

2019-nCoV (COVID-19) is a single-stranded, positive-sense, encapsulated betacoronavirus, and continues to spread throughout the world. Various neurological symptoms, ranging from mild to fatal, are continuously reported, raising the importance of a better understanding of the mechanisms through which 2019-nCoV invades and harms the central nervous system (CNS). A systematic review was performed using 18 articles and it was concluded that there is strong evidence supporting the link between 2019-nCoV and nervous damage, and that there are at least three means by which it may directly enter the CNS, and three by which it may cause indirect harm to the CNS.

Multiple Sclerosis

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M. Hancock ◽  
Jared M. Bruce ◽  
Sharon G. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease that affects the central nervous system and can cause a wide variety of both physical and cognitive deficits. Mood disturbances are common, with as many as 50% of patients receiving a diagnosis of major depression during their lifetime. The risk of suicide is high and leaving depression untreated is associated with a host of additional MS symptoms. Depression in MS presents clinicians with unique challenges, as it is often difficult to distinguish from common neurological symptoms. The authors discuss recommended screening tools and therapeutic methods that can assist the clinician in successfully identifying and treating depression in MS.

scholarly journals Central nervous system abnormalities in patients with oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (Goldenhar syndrome)

2010 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Fabiano Machado Rosa ◽  
Carla Graziadio ◽  
Rene Lenhardt ◽  
Ronnie Peterson Marcondes Alves ◽  
Giorgio Adriano Paskulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Goldenhar Syndrome ◽  
Radiological Evaluation ◽  
Cerebral Ventricles ◽  
The Central Nervous System

OBJECTIVE: To describe the central nervous system (CNS) alterations present in a sample of oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS) patients, trying to correlate them with other clinical features. METHOD: Seventeen patients with diagnosis of OAVS were evaluated. All presented radiological evaluation of the CNS, normal GTG-Banding karyotype and clinical features involving at least two from the four following areas: oro-cranio-facial, ocular, auricular and vertebral. RESULTS: CNS alterations were verified in eight from seventeen patients (47%). Diffuse cerebral hypoplasia, dilated lateral cerebral ventricles (asymptomatic hydrocephalus), corpus callosum dysgenesis and frontal hypodensities were the most frequent abnormalities. Presence of ophthalmologic abnormalities was the only clinical association observed, being significantly more frequent among patients with cerebral alterations (63% versus 11%). CONCLUSION: CNS abnormalities are frequent in patients with OAVS, especially in carriers of ophthalmologic alterations. However, the absence of detectable cerebral abnormalities did not exclude the possibility that these subjects will subsequently present neurological symptoms.

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