scholarly journals Osteocalcin: the relationship between bone metabolism and glucose homeostasis in diabetes mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-328
Author(s):  
A.V. Кovalchuk ◽  
О.В. Zinych ◽  
V.V. Korpachev ◽  
N.M. Кushnareva ◽  
О.В. Prybyla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Peripheral Tissues

Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of bone as an endocrine organ that produces biologically active substances, which regulate both local bone metabolism and metabolic functions throughout the body. In the process of bone remodeling (formation/destruction), the active cells secrete specific biomarkers that help detect osteometabolic dysfunction. Among bone hormones, osteocalcin plays an important role as a coordinator of bone modeling processes, energy homeostasis, metabolism of glucose, lipids and minerals. Osteocalcin is a structural protein of the bone matrix, which is synthesized by osteoblasts and enters the bloodstream in the process of bone resorption. The level of osteocalcin in the serum is used as a specific marker of bone formation. Osteocalcin promotes pancreatic β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion, and also affects the insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues. The inverse association of glycemia with the level of osteocalcin was revealed. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus usually have normal or even slightly elevated bone mineral density compared to age-appropriate controls. Decreased bone quality and increased risk of fractures are associated with changes in bone microarchitecture and local humoral environment. An imbalance in osteoblast/osteoclast activity may be due to oxidative stress and the accumulation of glycosylation end products, which contributes to chronic inflammation and bone resorbtion in patients with diabetes. It is shown that the level of osteocalcin in the blood serum is significantly reduced compared to healthy controls, both in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and, especially, in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given the importance of developing new approaches to the diagnosis and correction of metabolic disorders in diabetic patients, the study of the influence of bone hormones on hormonal and metabolic parameters and bone status, including the risk of fractures, remains relevant in modern diabetology.

scholarly journals The Aqueous Extract of Gynura divaricata (L.) DC. Improves Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Ameliorates Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinnan Li ◽  
Jinlei Feng ◽  
Hong Wei ◽  
Qunying Liu ◽  
Ting Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Glucose And Lipid Metabolism

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia caused by impaired insulin secretion and resistance of the peripheral tissues. A major pathogenesis of T2DM is obesity-associated insulin resistance. Gynura divaricata (L.) DC. (GD) is a natural plant and has been reported to have numerous health-promoting effects on both animals and humans. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of GD improving glucose and lipid metabolism in an obesity animal model induced by high-fat and high-sugar diet in combination with low dose of streptozocin and an insulin-resistant HepG2 cell model induced by dexamethasone. The study showed that the water extract of GD (GD extract A) could significantly reduce fasting serum glucose, reverse dyslipidemia and pancreatic damage, and regulate the body weight of mice. We also found that GD extract A had low toxicity in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, GD extract A may increase glucose consumption in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, markedly inhibit NF-κB activation, and decrease the impairment in signaling molecules of insulin pathway, such as IRS-1, AKT, and GLUT1. Overall, the results indicate that GD extract A is a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of T2DM.

scholarly journals The influence of glycemic control on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftheria Barmpa ◽  
Spyros Karamagiolis ◽  
Stelios Tigas ◽  
Parthena Navrozidou ◽  
Marianna Vlychou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Mineral Density

scholarly journals Scleredema Diabeticorum in a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Martín ◽  
L. Requena ◽  
K. Manrique ◽  
F. D. Manzarbeitia ◽  
A. Rovira
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Metabolic Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Reticular Dermis ◽  
Puva Treatment

Background.Scleredema adultorum, a connective tissue disorder of unknown aetiology, is characterized by a thickening of the reticular dermis in the upper back of the body that may decrease the mobility of the affected tissues. It has been reported in diabetic patients with poor metabolic control. Therapeutic options are limited with generally poor results.Case Report.53-year-old white male with type 2 diabetes mellitus was referred to our department for evaluation of incipient nephropathy and retinopathy. On examination, he presented erythematous, indurated, painless and ill-defined plaque on the skin of the upper back with limited movement of shoulders. A biopsy was done revealing scleredema. PUVA treatment and physiotherapy were started with the amelioration of mobility and acquiring some elasticity of the upper back.Discussion.The development of scleredema in diabetic patients has been related to prolonged exposure to chronic hyperglycaemia. Our patient has had diabetes for 20 years with an acceptable glucose control, however he developed the scleredema 10 years ago.Conclusions.Scleredema is a rare connective disorder that seems to appear most frequently in diabetic subjects. Good metabolic control seems not to preclude its development. PUVA treatment and physiotherapy are therapeutic options that seem to be of some help.

scholarly journals A study of magnitude and correlates of altered bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of central rural India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1380
Author(s):  
Ningthoukhongjam Reema ◽  
Jyoti Jain ◽  
Thangjam Gautam Singh ◽  
Shashank Banait
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Study Results

Background: Diabetes mellitus is fast becoming the epidemic of the 21st century. It is a metabolic disease that affects multiple organ system in the body including bone metabolism and bone mass. There is high prevalence of decreased bone mineral density (BMD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients leading to osteoporosis, osteopenia and fracture. The aim of the present study was to find the magnitude and correlates of altered BMD in T2DM patients of central rural India.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at a tertiary care teaching hospital in central rural India from 2014 to 2016. It comprises of 200 T2DM patients with aged ≥35 years. Bone mineral density measurements were done by using peripheral dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).Results: Mean age of study subjects was 56.13±11.12 years with 43.5% males and 56.5% females. Our study results showed the magnitude of decreased BMD was 82%. 53% of the study subjects were osteoporotic and 29% were osteopenic. Significant associations were detected between decreased BMD and old age, female gender, high body mass index, high fasting blood sugar, high HbA1c and low serum calcium on multivariate analysis.Conclusions: The prevalence of decreased BMD in patients with T2DM of central rural India is high, especially in females’ patients, obese patients, and uncontrolled diabetic patients. Awareness amongst the health care provider of this changes will directly affect the treatment decisions for patients, thereby preventing osteoporosis, osteopenia and mitigating potential fracture risk.

scholarly journals Can fingernail quality predict bone damage in Type 2 diabetes mellitus? a pilot study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0257955
Author(s):  
Praveer Sihota ◽  
Rimesh Pal ◽  
Ram Naresh Yadav ◽  
Deepak Neradi ◽  
Shailesh Karn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Diabetic Group ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Tissue Quality ◽  
Compositional Properties

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) adversely affects the normal functioning, intrinsic material properties, and structural integrity of many tissues, including bone. It is well known that the clinical utility of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) is limited to assess bone strength in individuals with T2DM. Therefore, there is a need to explore new diagnostic techniques that can better assist and improve the accuracy of assessment of bone tissue quality. The present study investigated the link between bone and fingernail material/compositional properties in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). For that, femoral head and fingernail samples were obtained from twenty-five adult female patients (with/without T2DM) with fragility femoral neck fractures undergoing hemi/total hip arthroplasty. Cylindrical cores of trabecular bone were subjected to micro-CT, and lower bone volume fraction was observed in the diabetic group than the non-diabetic group due to fewer and thinner trabeculae in individuals with T2DM. The material and compositional properties of bone/fingernail were estimated using nanoindentation and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, respectively. Both bone/fingernails in T2DM had lower reduced modulus (Er), hardness (H), lower Amide I and Amide II area ratio (protein content), higher sugar-to-matrix ratio, and relatively high carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) content compared with non-diabetic patients. Sugar-to-matrix ratio and relative CML content were strongly and positively correlated with HbA1c for both bone/fingernail. There was a positive correlation between bone and fingernail glycation content. Our findings provide evidence that the degradation pattern of bone and fingernail properties go hand-in-hand in individuals with T2DM. Hence, the fingernail compositional/material properties might serve as a non-invasive surrogate marker of bone quality in T2DM; however, further large-scale studies need to be undertaken.

scholarly journals Update on the impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus on bone metabolism and material properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. R55-R70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Kristin Picke ◽  
Graeme Campbell ◽  
Nicola Napoli ◽  
Lorenz C Hofbauer ◽  
Martina Rauner
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Bone Fragility ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing worldwide, especially as a result of our aging society, high caloric intake and sedentary lifestyle. Besides the well-known complications of T2DM on the cardiovascular system, the eyes, kidneys and nerves, bone strength is also impaired in diabetic patients. Patients with T2DM have a 40–70% increased risk for fractures, despite having a normal to increased bone mineral density, suggesting that other factors besides bone quantity must account for increased bone fragility. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the complex effects of T2DM on bone including effects on bone cells, bone material properties and other endocrine systems that subsequently affect bone, discusses the effects of T2DM medications on bone and concludes with a model identifying factors that may contribute to poor bone quality and increased bone fragility in T2DM.

scholarly journals Insights into the Molecular Role of Endocannabinoids in Diabetes Mellitus

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 470-485
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

In the past few years, the pathophysiological role of various factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus has been fully explored. Subsequently, this marked the progression in the development of a novel therapeutic agent. Such brain-derived neurotropic factors, including neurotrophic factor-2 and anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of diabetes, have emerged. However, the therapeutic potential of endocannabinoids in type 2 diabetes mellitus is still not fully understood. At present, cannabinoids are under research for their therapeutic and safety profile issues in numerous thrust areas. Its wide biological actions are implemented through cannabinoid receptor type 1(CB1) and CB2 receptors, which find major applications as anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and antidiabetic therapeutics with lesser side effects than any other traditional therapy. The current review aims to reveal detailed aspects of pathological and physiological pathways with endocannabinoids followed in disease progression. Different alterations induced by them in the pancreas, such as 2-arachidonylglycerol and anandamide during hyperglycemia, clearly verify their participation in the progression of type 2 diabetes. Activation of both cannabinoid receptors results in metabolic changes inside the body, and receptor antagonist rimonabant has been proven to be protective in controlling insulin resistance in diabetic patients. Therefore, endocannabinoids are a promising target in new drug developments and further in-depth analysis of their hidden aspects, which would help develop alternate beneficial targets in combating the progression of diabetes.

scholarly journals Metformin and Exercise; the Effects of Metformin in the Body Building to Minimize the Effects of the Use of Anabolics: Case Report for a Randomized Controlled Trial

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
The Body ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Oral Antidiabetic

Metformin is an oral antidiabetic used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. More precisely, it belongs to the class of biguanides, Metformin is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus both as monotherapy and in combination therapy with other oral antidiabetic agents or with insulin, when dietary interventions and exercise are not sufficient to control the disease. When used in overweight diabetic patients, metformin also causes a decrease in the complications of diabetes and its use has been associated with stabilization and, albeit modest, loss of body weight.In type 2 diabetes mellitus (called also DM2 and in the past 'adult diabetes' or 'food') the insulin produced by the pancreas is unable to fully exert its action so that the body even produces it in excess, with the result on the one hand of making increasing weight and on the other hand progressively depleting the pancreas, is unable to meet the body's needs. It is as if the body were resisting the action of insulin. Metformin reduces insulin resistance. It is taken by mouth and is the only drug useful in all stages of type 2 diabetes. It also helps improve the balance of fats and, to a limited extent, blood pressure. Metformin alone has important effects on blood sugar. Accompanied by physical exercise, weight loss and possibly other medications, it is often an effective therapy. It does not cause hypoglycemia, helps not to gain weight or even reduces it. The main feature of Metformin is to interact strongly with AMPK by regulating its expression. In fact, its down regulation leads to consuming ATP, synthesizing cholesterol and fatty acids and consuming glucose: a situation in which insulin levels are quite high (therefore energy abundance).On the contrary, its up regulation leads to the creation of ATP, consuming more fatty acids for energy purposes and it is a metabolic situation similar to caloric restriction in which insulin levels are kept low (therefore energy scarcity). Metformin by upregulating AMPK has therefore shown to have a somewhat transversal therapeutic use in the treatment of metabolic dysfunctions.

The study of new biomarkers of bone metabolism of sclerostin and cathepsin K in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 363-370
Author(s):  
Guzel M. Nurullina ◽  
Guzyal I. Akhmadullina
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bone Metabolism ◽  
Cathepsin K ◽  
Ionized Calcium ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
25 Oh Vitamin D

BACKGROUND: Deterioration of bone tissue in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D): lead to the increased bone brittleness and to higher risk of low-energy fractures. AIM: to study serum levels of sclerostin and cathepsin K in assessing bone metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 102 postmenopausal women aged from 46 to 67 years were examined. All patients were divided into 4 groups: the first group included 39 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and postmenopausal osteoporosis (PO), the second group — 25 patients with PO without T2DM, the third group included 21 patients with T2DM but without PO, and the fourth group (control) — 17 people. Patinets of all groups were tested for ionized calcium, phosphorus, total alkaline phosphatase (ALP), parathyroid hormone, 25 (OH) vitamin D, bone mineral density in groups I, II, and IV, levels of sclerostin and cathepsin Kin seru, were also obtained. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences have been observed between groups in sclerostin levels, a positive correlation was found between sclerostin and НbА1с (r=0.43; p=0.009) in the group of patients with T2DM and PO, a negative correlation was found between sclerostin and ionized calcium (r=–0.45; p=0.037) in the group of patients with PO. Cathepsin C in the first group was lower than in the second group (p=0.046), but taking into account Bonferroni correction this difference was not statistically significant. In the first and third groups, 25 (OH) vitamin D was lower than in the groups without T2D. The ALP negatively correlated with the duration of the postmenopause (r=–0.39 and r=–0.64; р=0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Cathepsin С was lower in patients with T2DM2 and PO, which may indirectly indicate a decreased bone resorption. Concentration of sclerostin, which plays a key role in the mechanism of inhibiting osteoblastogenesis, positively correlated with НbА1с.

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