scholarly journals Methanolysis of Jatropha Oil Using Conventional Heating

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A Roces ◽  
Raymond Tan ◽  
Francisco Jose T Da Cruz ◽  
Shuren C Gong ◽  
Rison K Veracruz
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Standard Range

Studies were carried out on the transesterification, also called methanolysis, of oil from the Jatropha curcas L. with methanol using conventional heating for the production of biodiesel. All reactions were carried out in a batch-stirred reactor and in the subsequent separation and purification stages. The high free-fatty acid (FFA) level of Jatropha oil was reduced to less than 1% by a two-step process. The first step was carried out with 12% w/w methanol-to-oil ratio in the presence of 1% w/w HCl as acid catalyst in a 2h reaction at 343K. The second step was carried out with variable parameters: temperatures at 318K and 333K, initial catalyst concentrations at 0.5% and 1.5%, methanol:oil molar ratios at 4:1 and 6:1, and reaction times at 1h and 2h. Gas chromatography analysis was used to determine the fatty acid profile of crude Jatropha oil. Methanolysis of Jatropha oil used the catalysts NaOH and KOH. The high FFA level of Jatropha oil was reduced from 6.1% to 0.7% after the first step process. The highest yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), however, was achieved at 92.7% in 2h at 4:1 methanol:oil molar ratio, 1.5% w/w KOH, and 333K reaction temperature. This method produced biodiesel that met ASTM’s biodiesel standards. Results showed a density of 0.8g/ml that is within 0.86–0.9kg/l standard range and a kinematic viscosity of about 4.1cSt that is within 2–4.5cSt standard range. The flash point of the biodiesel samples fell between 169oC and 179oC while the cloud point averaged at 6oC.

Efficient Micromixing for Continuous Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Waleed S. Mohammed ◽  
Ahmed H. El-Shazly ◽  
Marwa F. Elkady ◽  
Masahiro Ohshima
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Gel Preparation

Introduction: The utilization of biodiesel as an alternative fuel is turning out to be progressively famous these days because of worldwide energy deficiency. The enthusiasm for utilizing Jatropha as a non-edible oil feedstock is quickly developing. The performance of the base catalyzed methanolysis reaction could be improved by a continuous process through a microreactor in view of the high mass transfer coefficient of this technique. Materials & Methods: Nanozirconium tungstovanadate, which was synthetized using sol-gel preparation method, was utilized in a complementary step for biodiesel production process. The prepared material has an average diameter of 0.066 &µm. Results: First, the NaOH catalyzed methanolysis of Jatropha oil was investigated in a continuous microreactor, and the efficient mixing over different mixers and its impact on the biodiesel yield were studied under varied conditions. Second, the effect of adding the nanocatalyst as a second stage was investigated. Conclusion: The maximum percentage of produced methyl esters from Jatropha oil was 98.1% using a methanol/Jatropha oil molar ratio of 11 within 94 s using 1% NaOH at 60 &°C. The same maximum conversion ratio was recorded with the nanocatalyst via only 0.3% NaOH.

scholarly journals The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 03002
Author(s):  
Iwan Ridwan ◽  
Mukhtar Ghazali ◽  
Adi Kusmayadi ◽  
Resza Diwansyah Putra ◽  
Nina Marlina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Acid Esterification

The oleic acid solubility in methanol is low due to two phase separation, and this causes a slow reaction time in biodiesel production. Tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent can decrease the interfacial surface tension between methanol and oleic acid. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of co-solvent, methanol to oleic acid molar ratio, catalyst amount, and temperature of the reaction to the free fatty acid conversion. Oleic acid esterification was conducted by mixing oleic acid, methanol, tetrahydrofuran and Amberlyst 15 as a solid acid catalyst in a batch reactor. The Amberlyst 15 used had an exchange capacity of 2.57 meq/g. Significant free fatty acid conversion increments occur on biodiesel production using co-solvent compared without co-solvent. The highest free fatty acid conversion was obtained over methanol to the oleic acid molar ratio of 25:1, catalyst use of 10%, the co-solvent concentration of 8%, and a reaction temperature of 60°C. The highest FFA conversion was found at 28.6 %, and the steady state was reached after 60 minutes. In addition, the use of Amberlyst 15 oleic acid esterification shows an excellent performance as a solid acid catalyst. Catalytic activity was maintained after 4 times repeated use and reduced slightly in the fifth use.

scholarly journals Studies on biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil in Cambodia by a non-catalytic using C2H5OH

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
Phuoc Van Nguyen ◽  
Chhoun Vi Thun ◽  
Quan Thanh Pham
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Astm D6751

Different technologies are currently available for biodiesel production from various kinds of lipid containing feedstock. Among them, the alkaline-catalyzed methods are the most widely studied. However, here are several disadvantages related to biodiesel production using alkaline catalysts such as generation of wastewater, catalyst deactivation, difficulty in the separation of biodiesel from catalyst and glycerin, etc. To limit the problems mentioned above, in this study, biodiesel is produced by a non-catalytic using C2H5OH. The effect of experimental variables (the molar ratio ethanol/oil of 41.18:1 – 46.82:1, reaction times of 50 - 90 minutes and reaction temperatures of 2750C - 2950C) on the yield of biodiesel was studied. The 96% yield of Cambodia biodiesel of reaction between C2H5OH and Jatropha Oil at 46:1 at temperature 2900C at 60 minutes no using catalysts. Obtained biodiesel fuel was up to the International Standard ASTM D6751 for biodiesel fuel blend stock (B100).

scholarly journals Trends in Widely Used Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Production: A Review

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1085
Author(s):  
Shafaq Nisar ◽  
Muhammad Asif Hanif ◽  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Asma Hanif ◽  
Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Acid Methyl

The effective transesterification process to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) requires the use of low-cost, less corrosive, environmentally friendly and effective catalysts. Currently, worldwide biodiesel production revolves around the use of alkaline and acidic catalysts employed in heterogeneous and homogeneous phases. Homogeneous catalysts (soluble catalysts) for FAME production have been widespread for a while, but solid catalysts (heterogeneous catalysts) are a newer development for FAME production. The rate of reaction is much increased when homogeneous basic catalysts are used, but the main drawback is the cost of the process which arises due to the separation of catalysts from the reaction media after product formation. A promising field for catalytic biodiesel production is the use of heteropoly acids (HPAs) and polyoxometalate compounds. The flexibility of their structures and super acidic properties can be enhanced by incorporation of polyoxometalate anions into the complex proton acids. This pseudo liquid phase makes it possible for nearly all mobile protons to take part in the catalysis process. Carbonaceous materials which are obtained after sulfonation show promising catalytic activity towards the transesterification process. Another promising heterogeneous acid catalyst used for FAME production is vanadium phosphate. Furthermore, biocatalysts are receiving attention for large-scale FAME production in which lipase is the most common one used successfully This review critically describes the most important homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts used in the current FAME production, with future directions for their use.

Transesterification of Jatropha Oil to Biodiesel by Using Catalyst Containing Ca(C3H7O3)2 as a Solid Base Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 666 ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Jun Li ◽  
Zhi Wei Huang ◽  
Yu Jie He ◽  
Dong Zhou ◽  
Cheng Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Direct Precipitation ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Direct Precipitation Method ◽  
C Nmr

An direct precipitation method of Calcium glyceroxide Ca(C3H7O3)2 was proposed. The prepared Ca(C3H7O3)2 was effective in transesterification of Jatropha oil into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The Ca(C3H7O3)2 catalysts were characterized by using XRD, solid state 13C-NMR, FTIR, and Hammett indicator. The influence of various reaction variables on the conversion was investigated. Under a condition of methanol/oil molar ratio of 9:1, a catalyst amount of 4 wt %, reaction time of 1.5 h, and reaction temperature of 65 °C, over 95% of biodiesel yield was obtained.

THE BIODIESEL PROCESSING FROM OIL OF YELLOWFIN TUNA [Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788)] OFFAL USING ACID CATALYST

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (4-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Latif Sahubawa ◽  
Juju Junengsih ◽  
Ustadi Ustadi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Yellowfin Tuna ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
H2so4 Concentration

Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels to meet the need of the diesel fuel in Indonesia. One of potential animal oil/fat to be utilized as biodiesel raw material is offal from yellowfin tuna. The objective of the study is to know the free fatty acid (FFA) levels of raw material, influence of the H2SO4 concentration as catalyst on biodiesel conversion, composition of the main Fatty acid compounds from biodiesel, and physical characteristics of biodiesel through esterification and transesterification reaction. In transesterification phase, the variabel is H2SO4 concentration 1.25 %, 1.50% and 1.75 % at 60 °C and 65 °C with oil to methanol molar ratio of 1:9. Based on experiment results, the know  that: FFA content from oli of yellowfin tuna offal amounted to 2.33 %, the largest conversion of methyl ester from spectra of H-NMR, FT-IR, GC-MS and ASTM was produced from the treatment with 1.50 % H2SO4 at 65 °C, with an average yield of 89.09 % and the conversion value of methyl ester was 52.63 %. The main compounds of Fatty acids that formed biodiesel were palmatic acid (43.64 %) and oleic acid (32.08 %). The physical characteristics of biodiesel according to the national standards of Indonesia (NSI) were specific density of 0.8637 60/60 °F g mL–1kinematic viscosity of 2.555 mm2 s–1, pour point is -3 °C and cloud point of 25 °C, while flash point of 25 °C and water content of 0.20 % was not consistent with the SNI. 

Evaluation of Dominant Parameters in Lipase Transesterification of Cottonseed Oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Anderson ◽  
Terry Walker ◽  
Bryan Moser ◽  
Caye Drapcho ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Cottonseed Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Induction Periods ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Eversa Transform was used as an enzymatic catalyst to transform glandless and crude (heavy pigment) cottonseed oils into biodiesel. The oils were reacted with methanol at a 6:1 molar ratio with modified amounts of water, lipase, and temperature. Reactions were conducted in the presence of lipase and water at doses of 2, 5, and 8 wt% and 1, 3, and 6 wt%, respectively. Product composition and conversion were determined using the gas chromatography method of ASTM D6584. Oxidative stability was determined following EN 15751. The conversion to fatty acid methyl esters averaged 98.5% across all samples. Temperature had the most significant effect on conversion (p < 0.0035). Lipase and water dosages did not affect conversion, while each had an effect with temperature that was significant across the difference between 3 and 1 wt% water content and between 8 and 5 wt% enzyme content between the two temperatures (p = 0.0018 and 0.0153), respectively. Induction periods (oxidative stability) of the glandless and crude cottonseed oils were significantly different, but there was no difference between the two oil conversions based on oil type. Keywords: Biodiesel, Cottonseed oil, Fatty acid methyl esters, Lipase, Oxidative stability, Transesterification.

scholarly journals Production of sucroesters using solvent-free reactive systems containing emulsifiers

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvaro Orjuela ◽  
Maria Fernanda Gutierrez ◽  
Andrea Suaza ◽  
Jose Luis Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Reactive Systems ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Color Degradation ◽  
Multiple Substitution

The transesterification reaction of sucrose and fatty acid methyl esters to produce sucroesters was experimentally evaluated using commercial emulsifiers as compatibility agents. Reactions were carried out at temperatures between 100 and 140°C, using emulsifier concentrations in the range of 5 to 15 %wt, and potassium carbonate as catalyst. Fatty acid methyl esters consumption and sucroesters production was monitored by HPLC analysis of samples. Methyl esters conversions around 40 % were obtained with 68 %wt monoester content in sucroesters mixture. Despite the reaction times were reduced by operating at high temperatures and high emulsifier’s concentration, multiple substitution and color degradation were observed. Higher productivities of sucroester and higher selectivity to monoesters were obtained when potassium palmitate was used as contacting agent. The lower monoester content in the final product was obtained when using a commercial sucroester emulsifier. Results of this study can be used for preliminary process design in a solvent-free production of biobased sucroesters.

scholarly journals Study of Soybean Oil Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase and Its Application to Biodiesel Production via Hydroesterification

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa d'Avila Cavalcanti-Oliveira ◽  
Priscila Rufino da Silva ◽  
Alessandra Peçanha Ramos ◽  
Donato Alexandre Gomes Aranda ◽  
Denise Maria Guimarães Freire
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus Lipase ◽  
Niobic Acid

The process of biodiesel production by the hydroesterification route that is proposed here involves a first step consisting of triacylglyceride hydrolysis catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL 100L) to generate free fatty acids (FFAs). This step is followed by esterification of the FFAs with alcohol, catalyzed by niobic acid in pellets or without a catalyst. The best result for the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis was obtained under reaction conditions of 50% (v/v) soybean oil and 2.3% (v/v) lipase (25 U/mL of reaction medium) in distilled water and at 60∘C; an 89% conversion rate to FFAs was obtained after 48 hours of reaction. For the esterification reaction, the best result was with an FFA/methanol molar ratio of 1:3, niobic acid catalyst at a concentration of 20% (w/w FFA), and 200∘C, which yielded 92% conversion of FFAs to soy methyl esters after 1 hour of reaction. This study is exceptional because both the hydrolysis and the esterification use a simple reaction medium with high substrate concentrations.

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