Efficient Micromixing for Continuous Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Oil

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139
Author(s):  
Waleed S. Mohammed ◽  
Ahmed H. El-Shazly ◽  
Marwa F. Elkady ◽  
Masahiro Ohshima
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Gel Preparation

Introduction: The utilization of biodiesel as an alternative fuel is turning out to be progressively famous these days because of worldwide energy deficiency. The enthusiasm for utilizing Jatropha as a non-edible oil feedstock is quickly developing. The performance of the base catalyzed methanolysis reaction could be improved by a continuous process through a microreactor in view of the high mass transfer coefficient of this technique. Materials & Methods: Nanozirconium tungstovanadate, which was synthetized using sol-gel preparation method, was utilized in a complementary step for biodiesel production process. The prepared material has an average diameter of 0.066 &µm. Results: First, the NaOH catalyzed methanolysis of Jatropha oil was investigated in a continuous microreactor, and the efficient mixing over different mixers and its impact on the biodiesel yield were studied under varied conditions. Second, the effect of adding the nanocatalyst as a second stage was investigated. Conclusion: The maximum percentage of produced methyl esters from Jatropha oil was 98.1% using a methanol/Jatropha oil molar ratio of 11 within 94 s using 1% NaOH at 60 &°C. The same maximum conversion ratio was recorded with the nanocatalyst via only 0.3% NaOH.

Mango (Magnifera indica) seed oil grown in Dilla town as potential raw material for biodiesel production using NaOH- a homogeneous catalyst

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chem Int
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Minimal Amount

Biodiesel produced by transesterification process from vegetable oils or animal fats is viewed as a promising renewable energy source. Now a day’s diminishing of petroleum reserves in the ground and increasing environmental pollution prevention and regulations have made searching for renewable oxygenated energy sources from biomasses. Biodiesel is non-toxic, renewable, biodegradable, environmentally benign, energy efficient and diesel substituent fuel used in diesel engine which contributes minimal amount of global warming gases such as CO, CO2, SO2, NOX, unburned hydrocarbons, and particulate matters. The chemical composition of the biodiesel was examined by help of GC-MS and five fatty acid methyl esters such as methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and methyl linoleneate were identified. The variables that affect the amount of biodiesel such as methanol/oil molar ratio, mass weight of catalyst and temperature were studied. In addition to this the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel such as (density, kinematic viscosity, iodine value high heating value, flash point, acidic value, saponification value, carbon residue, peroxide value and ester content) were determined and its corresponding values were 87 Kg/m3, 5.63 Mm2/s, 39.56 g I/100g oil, 42.22 MJ/Kg, 132oC, 0.12 mgKOH/g, 209.72 mgKOH/g, 0.04%wt, 12.63 meq/kg, and 92.67 wt% respectively. The results of the present study showed that all physicochemical properties lie within the ASTM and EN biodiesel standards. Therefore, mango seed oil methyl ester could be used as an alternative to diesel engine.

scholarly journals Studies on biodiesel produced from Jatropha oil in Cambodia by a non-catalytic using C2H5OH

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-108
Author(s):  
Phuoc Van Nguyen ◽  
Chhoun Vi Thun ◽  
Quan Thanh Pham
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Astm D6751

Different technologies are currently available for biodiesel production from various kinds of lipid containing feedstock. Among them, the alkaline-catalyzed methods are the most widely studied. However, here are several disadvantages related to biodiesel production using alkaline catalysts such as generation of wastewater, catalyst deactivation, difficulty in the separation of biodiesel from catalyst and glycerin, etc. To limit the problems mentioned above, in this study, biodiesel is produced by a non-catalytic using C2H5OH. The effect of experimental variables (the molar ratio ethanol/oil of 41.18:1 – 46.82:1, reaction times of 50 - 90 minutes and reaction temperatures of 2750C - 2950C) on the yield of biodiesel was studied. The 96% yield of Cambodia biodiesel of reaction between C2H5OH and Jatropha Oil at 46:1 at temperature 2900C at 60 minutes no using catalysts. Obtained biodiesel fuel was up to the International Standard ASTM D6751 for biodiesel fuel blend stock (B100).

scholarly journals Biodiesel production using co-solvents: a review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e99911672
Author(s):  
George Simonelli ◽  
José Mario Ferreira Júnior ◽  
Carlos Augusto de Moraes Pires ◽  
Luiz Carlos Lobato dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Hydroxide ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
High Yields

Biodiesel is a renewable and biodegradable biofuel, generally produced by the fatty materials transesterification. Due to its importance in the diversification of the energy matrix of countries, various studies have been carried out to improve its production process. One of the technologies developed is the use of co-solvents in the process. The co-solvents decrease the mass transfer resistance between the oil and the alcohol during the chemical reaction. In this paper, a review of the literature on the biodiesel production using co-solvents was presented. The research gathered information about various studies that are relevant to the theme, aiming to show the state of the art, the substances most used as co-solvents, and the conditions of the process variables that result in high yields of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). In the homogeneous basic catalysis of vegetable oils, potassium hydroxide is the most used catalyst. Its range of application normally varies from 0.5% to 1.8% in relation to the mass of oil. The reaction time may vary from 10 minutes to 2 hours, the temperature from 25 °C to 100 °C, the molar ratio (MR), from 3:1 to 12:1, and the amount of 30% (w/w) co-solvent, or in some cases up to 0.7:1 co-solvent to alcohol molar ratio.

Synthesis of Biodiesel from Neem Oil Using Mg-Al Nano Hydrotalcite

2013 ◽  
Vol 678 ◽  
pp. 268-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Manivannan ◽  
C. Karthikeyan
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Neem Oil ◽  
Solid Base Catalysts ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Benign Process ◽  
Nano Catalysts

Abstract Methyl ester of fatty acids, derived from vegetable oils or animal fats are known as biodiesel. The most common method of biodiesel production is transesterification (alcoholysis) of oil (triglycerides) with methanol in the presence of a catalyst which gives biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAME) and glycerol (by product). In this work, an environmentally benign process for the methanolysis of neem oil to methyl esters using Mg–Al nano hydrotalcites as solid base catalysts in a heterogeneous manner was developed. The effect of the reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst amount, and methanol /oil molar ratio on the Mg-Al nano hydrotalcite was analyzed. The nano catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM). Biodiesel produced from the neem oil by using Mg-Al nano hydrotalcite catalyst was analyzed by gas chromatography.

Transesterification of Jatropha Oil to Biodiesel by Using Catalyst Containing Ca(C3H7O3)2 as a Solid Base Catalyst

2013 ◽  
Vol 666 ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Jun Li ◽  
Zhi Wei Huang ◽  
Yu Jie He ◽  
Dong Zhou ◽  
Cheng Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Jatropha Oil ◽  
Direct Precipitation ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Direct Precipitation Method ◽  
C Nmr

An direct precipitation method of Calcium glyceroxide Ca(C3H7O3)2 was proposed. The prepared Ca(C3H7O3)2 was effective in transesterification of Jatropha oil into fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The Ca(C3H7O3)2 catalysts were characterized by using XRD, solid state 13C-NMR, FTIR, and Hammett indicator. The influence of various reaction variables on the conversion was investigated. Under a condition of methanol/oil molar ratio of 9:1, a catalyst amount of 4 wt %, reaction time of 1.5 h, and reaction temperature of 65 °C, over 95% of biodiesel yield was obtained.

scholarly journals High-Quality Biodiesel Production from Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) Oil Soapstock

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Pantoja ◽  
Vanessa Mescouto ◽  
Carlos Costa ◽  
José Zamian ◽  
Geraldo Rocha Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Mauritia Flexuosa ◽  
Buriti Oil ◽  
Brazilian Standard

The buriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa) is a palm tree widely distributed throughout tropical South America. The oil extracted from the fruits of this palm tree is rich in natural antioxidants. The by-products obtained from the buriti palm have social and economic importance as well, hence the interest in adding value to the residue left from refining this oil to obtain biofuel. The process of methyl esters production from the buriti oil soapstock was optimized considering acidulation and esterification. The effect of the molar ratio of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to soapstock in the range from 0.6 to 1.0 and the reaction time (30–90 min) were analyzed. The best conditions for acidulation were molar ratio 0.8 and reaction time of 60 min. Next, the esterification of the fatty acids obtained was performed using methanol and H2SO4 as catalyst. The effects of the molar ratio (9:1–27:1), percentage of catalyst (2–6%) and reaction time (1–14 h) were investigated. The best reaction conditions were: 18:1 molar ratio, 4% catalyst and 14 h reaction time, which resulted in a yield of 92% and a conversion of 99.9%. All the key biodiesel physicochemical characterizations were within the parameters established by the Brazilian standard. The biodiesel obtained presented high ester content (96.6%) and oxidative stability (16.1 h).

scholarly journals Sol–Gel Entrapped Lewis Acids as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 5936
Author(s):  
Mirit Kolet ◽  
Melad Atrash ◽  
Karen Molina ◽  
Daniel Zerbib ◽  
Yael Albo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lewis Acids ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Ultrasonic Activation ◽  
Immobilized Catalysts ◽  
Product Separation

Replacing fossil fuels with biodiesel enables the emission of greenhouse gases to be decreased and reduces dependence on fossil fuels in countries with poor natural resources. Biodiesel can be produced by an esterification reaction between free fatty acids (FFAs) and methanol or by transesterification of triglycerides from oils. Both reactions require homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysis. Production of biodiesel catalyzed by heterogeneous catalysts seems to be the preferred route, enabling easy product separation. As we have previously shown, the Lewis acids AlCl3 and BF3 can serve as highly efficient catalysts under ultrasonic activation. The present study focused on the development of oleic acid (OA) esterification with methanol by the same catalysts immobilized in silica matrices using the sol–gel synthesis route. During the course of immobilization, AlCl3 converts to AlCl3 × 6H2O (aluminite) and BF3 is hydrolyzed with the production of B2O3. The immobilized catalysts can be reused or involved in a continuous process. The possibility of biodiesel production using immobilized catalysts under ultrasonic activation is shown for the conversion of FFAs into biodiesel in batch and continuous mode.

The Effect of Stabiliser’s Molarity to the Growth of ZnO Nanorods

2011 ◽  
Vol 312-315 ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuraida Khusaimi ◽  
Mohamad Hafiz Mamat ◽  
Mohd Zainizan Sahdan ◽  
Norbani Abdullah ◽  
Mohamad Rusop
Keyword(s):  
Sol Gel ◽  
Zno Nanorods ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Zinc Nitrate ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Nitrate Hexahydrate ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Wet Chemical ◽  
Gel Preparation

A wet chemical approach, originating from sol-gel preparation, was adopted with the intention to develop a low-temperature benign method of preparation. ZnO nanorods are successfully grown in an aqueous medium. The precursor, zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O), is stabilized by hexamethylene tetraamine (HMTA). The effect of changing the molarity of HMTA to the structural orientation of ZnO nanorods is investigated. X-ray diffraction of the synthesized ZnO shows hexagonal zincite structure. The structural features of the nanocrystalline ZnO were studied by SEM. Structural features, surface morphology and differences in lattice orientation are seemingly influenced by varying the Zn2+: HMTA molar ratio. The formation of ZnO nanorods with blunt and sharp tips is found to be significantly affected by this ratio.

scholarly journals Study of Soybean Oil Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase and Its Application to Biodiesel Production via Hydroesterification

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa d'Avila Cavalcanti-Oliveira ◽  
Priscila Rufino da Silva ◽  
Alessandra Peçanha Ramos ◽  
Donato Alexandre Gomes Aranda ◽  
Denise Maria Guimarães Freire
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Reaction Medium ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Thermomyces Lanuginosus Lipase ◽  
Niobic Acid

The process of biodiesel production by the hydroesterification route that is proposed here involves a first step consisting of triacylglyceride hydrolysis catalyzed by lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL 100L) to generate free fatty acids (FFAs). This step is followed by esterification of the FFAs with alcohol, catalyzed by niobic acid in pellets or without a catalyst. The best result for the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis was obtained under reaction conditions of 50% (v/v) soybean oil and 2.3% (v/v) lipase (25 U/mL of reaction medium) in distilled water and at 60∘C; an 89% conversion rate to FFAs was obtained after 48 hours of reaction. For the esterification reaction, the best result was with an FFA/methanol molar ratio of 1:3, niobic acid catalyst at a concentration of 20% (w/w FFA), and 200∘C, which yielded 92% conversion of FFAs to soy methyl esters after 1 hour of reaction. This study is exceptional because both the hydrolysis and the esterification use a simple reaction medium with high substrate concentrations.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Ca-Doped Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Catalysts for Transesterification

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanat Chokpanyarat ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Supakit Achiwawanich
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
The Novel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hierarchical Porous ◽  
Ordered Macroporous

The novel three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) CaO/SiO2, 3DOM CaO/Al2O3, and 3DOM Ca12Al14O32Cl2 catalysts for biodiesel transesterification were prepared by sol-gel method. The 3DOM catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The hierarchical porous structure was achieved; however, only 3DOM CaO/Al2O3 and 3DOM Ca12Al14O32Cl2 catalysts were used for transesterification due to high amount of active CaO. Various parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and their influence on the biodiesel production were studied. The result showed that 99.0% RPO conversion was achieved using the 3DOM Ca12Al14O33Cl2 as a catalyst under the optimal condition of 12 : 1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 6 wt.% catalyst with reaction time of 3 hours at 65°C.

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