scholarly journals Sensitivity Analysis of the Life-Cycle Inventories of Electricity and Hydrogen as Energy Vectors for the Philippine Automative Transport Sector

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Raymond R. Tan ◽  
Alvin B. Culaba
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Air Emissions ◽  
Life Cycle Inventories ◽  
Marginal Power

The Philippine automotive transport sector accounts for a significant portion ofthe country's petroleum consumption and air emissions. Research in alternative fuels for road vehicles is thus an essential element in the country's long-term-electrical environmental management strategy. Two radical vehicle technologies propulsion systems and fuel hydrogen for fuel cells - are widely considered to be the most promising energy vectors from an environmental standpoint. Electric vehicles (EV) and fuel cell vehicles (FCV) are driven by electric motors; the former use electricity stored in batteries, while the latter generate electricity from the oxidation of hydrogen. Potentially, both electric power and fuel hydrogen can be sustainably produced using renewable energy sources, and their use in vehicles generates almost no direct pollution. However, life-cycle assessment (LCA) may reveal significant environmental impacts from the infrastructure required to produce and distribute these energy vectors on a commercial scale. This study quantifies the life-cycle air emissions and energy balances associated with the use of electricity and hydrogen for motor vehicle propulsion in order to determine which fuel offers more environmental benefits. The assessment uses a modified version of the GREET 1.Sa fuel cycle inventory model, with corrections made to account for Philippine conditions. Sensitivity analysis is performed in the model to determine the effect of marginal power generation mix and system transmission losses on the life-cycle inventories of both energy vectors. The results of the simulation indicate that for a given marginal power generation mix, there is no clear-cut advantage in terms of environmental performance for either hydrogen or electricity.

Modelling vehicle emissions using the TEMIS program: Part 2: Case studies

1998 ◽  
Vol 212 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Saleh ◽  
J D Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Air Emissions ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Ozone Layer Depletion ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
Fuel Consumption And Emissions

Many challenges are associated with the ever increasing level of energy consumption and the damage to the environment caused by the pollutants from all sectors, On the local level the problem is associated with matters such as noise and air pollution, while on the global level the problems are associated with acid rain, ozone layer depletion and the greenhouse effect (global warming). The transport sector is a major contributor in this respect. The use of appropriate decision-making tools to assist in the assessment of alternative transport policies is required urgently. One such tool is the TEMIS program which was described in Part 1 of this investigation, where the methodology for the enhancement of TEMIS was reported. The enhanced version of TEMIS has subsequently been used to model the effects of different transport scenarios in order to improve future fuel economy and the adverse effects of air emissions as well as the greenhouse gases. In the present paper, three main case studies have been considered to test the effect of different scenarios (in terms of alternative fuels and technical advances) on energy consumption and emissions: firstly, the switch to alternative fuels, through investigating the effects of switching from petrol to diesel, secondly, the effects of switching from diesel to bio-diesel (for buses) and, finally, the effects of technical advances (three-way catalytic converters) and the effects on fuel consumption and emissions are considered.

scholarly journals Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Biogas as a Fuel for Transport Compared with Alternative Fuels

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari-Anne Lyng ◽  
Andreas Brekke
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Impact Categories ◽  
Lca Methodology ◽  
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Environmental Impact Categories ◽  
Bus Transport

Upgraded biogas, also known as biomethane, is increasingly being used as a fuel for transport in several countries and is regarded as an environmentally beneficial option. There are, nevertheless, few studies documenting the environmental impacts of biogas as a transport fuel compared with the alternatives on the market. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied to compare the environmental performance of biogas used as a fuel for bus transport with natural gas, electricity fueled buses, biodiesel, and fossil diesel. A sensitivity analysis was performed for the biogas alternative to assess the importance of the underlying assumptions. The results show that biogas has a relatively low contribution to the environmental impact categories assessed. Emissions of greenhouse gases are dependent on assumptions such as system boundaries, transport distances and methane leakages.

scholarly journals Estimation of CO2 Emissions of Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle and Battery Electric Vehicle Using LCA

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryuji Kawamoto ◽  
Hideo Mochizuki ◽  
Yoshihisa Moriguchi ◽  
Takahiro Nakano ◽  
Masayuki Motohashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Vehicle Operation

In order to reduce vehicle emitted greenhouse gases (GHGs) on a global scale, the scope of consideration should be expanded to include the manufacturing, fuel extraction, refinement, power generation, and end-of-life phases of a vehicle, in addition to the actual operational phase. In this paper, the CO2 emissions of conventional gasoline and diesel internal combustion engine vehicles (ICV) were compared with mainstream alternative powertrain technologies, namely battery electric vehicles (BEV), using life-cycle assessment (LCA). In most of the current studies, CO2 emissions were calculated assuming that the region where the vehicles were used, the lifetime driving distance in that region and the CO2 emission from the battery production were fixed. However, in this paper, the life cycle CO2 emissions in each region were calculated taking into consideration the vehicle’s lifetime driving distance in each region and the deviations in CO2 emissions for battery production. For this paper, the US, European Union (EU), Japan, China, and Australia were selected as the reference regions for vehicle operation. The calculated results showed that CO2 emission from the assembly of BEV was larger than that of ICV due to the added CO2 emissions from battery production. However, in regions where renewable energy sources and low CO2 emitting forms of electric power generation are widely used, as vehicle lifetime driving distance increase, the total operating CO2 emissions of BEV become less than that of ICV. But for BEV, the CO2 emissions for replacing the battery with a new one should be added when the lifetime driving distance is over 160,000 km. Moreover, it was shown that the life cycle CO2 emission of ICV was apt to be smaller than that of BEV when the CO2 emissions for battery production were very large.

scholarly journals Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Alternative Fuels for Western Australia’s Transport Sector

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Najmul Hoque ◽  
Wahidul Biswas ◽  
Ilyas Mazhar ◽  
Ian Howard
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Impact Categories ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Production Of Hydrogen ◽  
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
The Impact

Alternative fuels for the transport sector are being emphasized due to energy security and environmental issues. Possible alternative fuel options need to be assessed to realize their potential to alleviate environmental burdens before policy formulations. Western Australia (WA) is dominated by private cars, accounting for around 72% vehicles with 87% of those using imported gasoline, and resulting in approximately 14% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transport sector. There is an urgent need for WA to consider alternative transport fuels not only to reduce the environmental burden but also to avoid future energy security consequences. This study assesses the environmental life cycle assessment (ELCA) of transport fuel options suitable for WA. The study revealed that ethanol (E65), electric (EV) and plug-in electric vehicle (PHEV) options can decrease global warming potential (GWP) by 40%, 29% and 14%, respectively, when compared to gasoline. The EV and PHEV also performed better than gasoline in the fossil fuel depletion (FFD) and water consumption (WC) impact categories. Gasoline, however, demonstrated better environmental performance in all the impact categories compared to hydrogen and that was mainly due to the high electricity requirement during the production of hydrogen. The use of platinum in hydrogen fuel cells and carbon fibre in the hydrogen tank for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV) and Li-ion battery for EVs are the most important sources of environmental impacts. The findings of the study would aid the energy planners and decision makers in carrying out a comparative environmental assessment of the locally-sourced alternative fuels for WA.

scholarly journals A Model for Determining Appropriate Speed Breaker Mechanism for Power Generation

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 256-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikuobase Emovon
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Electric Power Supply ◽  
Moving Vehicles ◽  
Optimum Speed ◽  
Optimum Solution

The key to sustainable economic development is having adequate electricity to power homes and industrial machines. However, electric power supply in majority of developing countries is grossly inadequate. To improve on the power generation different renewable energy sources have been explored. One of the sources of renewable energy is the application of speed breaker system to convert kinetic energy of moving vehicles into electricity using various mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to develop a methodology for determining the most appropriate mechanism of speed breaker system for effective power generation. The proposed approach aggregated the AHP and the WASPAS methods. The efficacy of the methodology is illustrated with a numerical example. From the analysis, the optimum speed breaker mechanism for power generation is the roller mechanism. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out to determine the effect of one of the parameters of the proposed method on the performance of the different mechanisms. The result of the sensitivity analysis showed that the optimum solution remained unchanged.

Life Cycle Assessment on Environmental Impact of Wind Power Turbines

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 1897-1903
Author(s):  
Jia Hua Dong ◽  
Wei Guang Zhu ◽  
Cheng Kang Gao
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Power Generation

Wind power is an important type of renewable energy sources. In this passage we will apply Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to analyze the four stages of wind power generation,which are production of raw materials, transportation, build-operate process of wind plants and demolition stages, calculate the energy consumption and the environmental impact, set a contrastive analysis between coal-fired power plants and wind power plants. We will take WangHaiSi Wind Plant in Faku, Shenyang as an example to show the difference between the two ways of getting power. The analysis shows that: in comparison with coal-fired generation, wind power generation saves more energy and reduces emissions of pollutants markedly; the main energy consumption comes from production of raw materials, which takes 79.3% of the total energy consumption throughout the life cycle. In the meantime, the large amount of ecological resources consumption from construction, operation and maintenance of wind plants leads to mass emission of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, which respectively take 67.3% and 96.6% of total emissions. Besides, wind generation only accounts for 0.93%, 0.89% and 2.72% of energy consumption, global warming potential (GWP) and acid potential (AP) of coal-fired power generation. Thus, it proved that wind power generation has lesser impacts on environment than coal-fired power generation. However, it is still of great necessity to strengthen the environmental protection measures to reduce the consumption and destroy of ecologic resources.

scholarly journals Die Ökobilanz der energetischen Holzverwertung: Faktoren für einen hohen ökologischen Nutzen

2013 ◽  
Vol 164 (12) ◽  
pp. 408-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Steubing
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Air Emissions ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment Methodology ◽  
Gas Cleaning ◽  
Wood Energy

Life cycle assessment of wood energy: factors for high ecological benefits Wood energy is increasingly used to replace non-renewable energy sources. Energy wood is a limited resource and should therefore be used wisely not only to maximize the economic but also the environmental benefits associated with its use. This article assesses the environmental burdens associated with wood energy (for heat, electricity and transportation) and the benefits that may arise when non-renewable energy technologies are substituted. It is shown that from a global warming perspective the use of wood energy seems almost always beneficial, but this effect may be significantly reduced if biogenic CO2 is taken into account. The method of ecological scarcity on the other hand, which considers several additional environmental dimensions and combines these into a single score, shows significantly lower environmental benefits of wood in comparison with non- renewable energy. One of the principal reasons for this are air emissions associated with wood energy such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic carbon (VOC). Considerable environmental benefits can be achieved in both cases if the following three key factors are respected: 1) a wise choice of the substituted technology and the underlying energy carrier, 2) a high efficiency in the conversion from energy contained in biomass to final energy, and 3) the implementation of measures to reduce air emissions such as particle filters and, if possible, more advanced flue gas cleaning. The article then discusses the limits of the comparison and selected issues within the life cycle assessment methodology that need further development.

Integration of Land Use Aspects into Life Cycle Assessment at the Example of Biofuels

2007 ◽  
Vol 1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Held ◽  
Ulrike Bos
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Road Transportation

AbstractIt is well known that the transport sector causes significant environmental impacts worldwide and as a consequence influences the results of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies. Today's fuels are dominated by crude oil derived fuels. In Europe currently 98 % of the road transportation is based on such crude oil derived fuels. Similar ratios can be observed e.g. in the US and other countries. In addition to the environmental impacts, the high dependency on the imports of fossil fuels motivates most European countries to investigate in other than fossil fuel based transport systems. Therefore the European Commission presented an action plan including a strategy with the objective to substitute 20% of crude oil derived fuels by alternative fuel until 2020. To achieve these goals, actions to reduce the import dependency of fuels, the usage of non renewable (fossil) resources and the environmental burdens connected to the use of fuel / propulsion systems have to be addressed. Besides, the energy carrier mix has to be broadened. Especially alternative fuels from renewable resources, BtL (Biomass to Liquid) are supposed to have a high potential.Recent developments show, that there is a variety of options for fuels available as well as for propulsion technologies that utilize fuels based on renewable resources. It is therefore of key importance to select and promote the fuel/ propulsion system technology which is most beneficiary for a country or region from an environmental but also from an economic and social perspective. For such a sustainability evaluation it is essential to consider the local/regional boundary conditions such as availability of fuel resources, major pollution issues which need to be addressed, supply of secondary energy (e.g. power) etc. LCA is therefore a suitable approach to evaluate and compare different options, due to its transparent consideration of all life cycle stages.Besides the environmental impacts and resource consumption which are addressed in LCA considerations the needed land is another important aspect when talking about biomass as a resource. As land is a scarce resource that is used for all industry sectors there is a need to address this issue also in LCA. Up to now, no commonly agreed upon methods exist which allow the integration of land use aspects in a consistent way into LCA Software and Database. Currently at LBP-GaBi, University of Stuttgart together with PE International, a method is developed to integrate land use aspects into LCA. Backward processes are now implemented in an applicable way into a LCA database system.This Paper describes the main approach of the developed methodology for land use consideration within LCA.

Contrastive Analysis between Wind Power Generation and Coal Generation on the Environmental Impact Assessment

2013 ◽  
Vol 316-317 ◽  
pp. 254-258
Author(s):  
Jia Hua Dong ◽  
Wei Guang Zhu ◽  
Cheng Kang Gao ◽  
Han Mei Tang
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Wind Power Generation ◽  
Contrastive Analysis

Wind power is an important type of renewable energy sources. In this passage we will apply Life Cycle Assessment to analyze the four stages of wind power generation，which are production of raw materials, transportation, build-operate process of wind plants and demolition stages, calculate the energy consumption and the environmental impact, set a contrastive analysis between coal-fired power plants and wind power plants. We will take WangHaiSi Wind Plant in Faku, Shenyang as an example to show the difference between the two ways of getting power. The analysis shows that: in comparison with coal-fired generation, wind power generation saves more energy and reduces emissions of pollutants markedly; the main energy consumption comes from production of raw materials, which takes 79.3% of the total energy consumption throughout the life cycle. In the meantime, the large amount of ecological resources consumption from construction, operation and maintenance of wind plants leads to mass emission of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, which respectively take 67.3% and 96.6% of total emissions. Besides, wind generation only accounts for 0.93%, 0.89% and 2.72% of energy consumption, global warming potential (GWP) and acid potential (AP) of coal-fired power generation. Thus, it proved that wind power generation has lesser impacts on environment than coal-fired power generation. However, it is still of great necessity to strengthen the environmental protection measures to reduce the consumption and destroy of ecologic resources.

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