scholarly journals Striking Similarities: The Origins of the European Economic Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
David Blake
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Economic Values ◽  
European Economic ◽  
University Of Berlin ◽  
The University ◽  
Foundation Stone ◽  
The Eu

A Plan for a European Economic Community was developed at the University of Berlin in 1942. There are striking similarities with the European Economic Community that was introduced in 1957—and which became the foundation stone of the European Union. Particularly striking is the innate hostility both to liberal economic values and to democracy—a hostility that permeates the EU to this very day.

Turkey and the European Union

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birol A. Yeşilada
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cold War ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Eu

The partnership between the European Union (EU) and Turkey has been unlike any other accession process. Turkey has had a close relationship with Western Europe since it joined the National Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1952 and became an associate member of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1963. During the Cold War, there was hardly any serious doubt about this country eventually becoming a member of the Western European Economic Community. However, developments since the end of the Cold War have raised considerable misgivings over Turkey’s membership in the EU, first among several political leaders of member states and their respective citizens, and lately among Turkish leaders and the general Turkish public. Debates over Turkey’s membership fall into two distinct categories. First, those who oppose Turkey’s membership in the EU point at this country’s economic problems, deterioration of democracy, and the Islamic culture of its society. These states either outright object to Turkey’s membership or favor changing the negotiation process to end with nothing more than a preferential partnership between the EU and Turkey. Second, supporters of Turkey’s membership emphasize this country’s economic and strategic importance for the EU, as well as the Union’s treaty obligations to complete the accession negotiation. Moreover, Turkey’s supporters argue that the EU cannot afford to cut off its ties to this country at a time when President Erdogan is looking for excuses to realign his country with anti-NATO countries. When one looks at the potential for Turkey’s membership in the EU, accession seems further away, if not impossible. The challenges for Turkey include a roller-coaster performance along democratic (political) acquis, the economic cost of enlargement, the Europeanness of Turkey, and the acquis communautaire. Once a promising potential member, Turkey has become a policy nightmare for the EU. Although the Copenhagen criteria represent the primary framework for accession, regional, and systemic developments further complicate such decision-making. For the political acquis, Turkish democracy has deteriorated to such an extent that it no longer meets the minimum requirements for membership. On the economic front, Turkey remains one of the EU’s most important trade and investment partners. However, the Turkish economy is showing severe signs of overheating coupled with the falling value of the Turkish lira. Furthermore, the Turkish public is increasingly moving away from the Europeans in terms of social values that dominate the general population. Instead of the convergence of societal benefits, there is a growing gap between Turks and other Europeans. Furthermore, there is a growing sentiment among Turks that the EU leaders are not interested in having Turkey join the Union. Finally, Turkey and the EU need to find a permanent solution to such problems as the refugee crisis, EU–NATO partnership, Cyprus, and bilateral disputes between Greece and Turkey.

Prospects for European Integration of the Republic of Moldova and the Constitutional Component

2021 ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
K. Gylka
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Minority Languages ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Continent ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Republic

The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 European countries. The population is 508 million people, 24 official and working languages and about 150 regional and minority languages. The origins of the European Union come from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), consisting of six states in 1951 - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. These countries came together to put an end to the wars that devastated the European continent, and they agreed to share control over the natural resources needed for war (coal and steel). The founding members of ECSC have determined that this European project will not only be developed in order to share resources or to prevent various conflicts in the region. Thus, the Rome Treaty of 1957 created the European Economic Community (EEC), which strengthened the political and economic relations between the six founding states. The relevance of the topic stems from their desire of peoples and countries to live better. The purpose of the study is to identify the internal and external development mechanisms of European countries and, on this basis, to formulate a model of economic, legislative and social development for individual countries. The results of the study provide a practical guideline for determining the vector of the direction of efforts of political, economic, legislative, humanitarian, etc.

Machiavellian Moments and the Exigencies of Leaving

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-64
Author(s):  
Stuart Ward
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Active Citizenship ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Renaissance Italy

J. G. A. Pocock’s magnum opus, The Machiavellian Moment, seems an unlikely contender as an intimation of Brexit. Published in 1975, his study of the revival of classical Republicanism in Renaissance Italy and the struggle to uphold a universal ideal of active citizenship could not be further removed from Britain’s departure from the European Union forty-five years later. But the wider production context suggests that it might be worth probing the possible connections. This article examines Pocock’s protracted reckoning with Britain’s entry into the European Economic Community in the early 1970s amid the ruptures of empire’s end. It seeks to tease out the existential underpinnings not only of the latter-day exigencies of leaving but also of the persistent habit of harnessing that ambition to a reimagining of Britain’s global coordinates.

1. Constitutional History

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-40
Author(s):  
Robert Schütze
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Lisbon Treaty ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Constitutional History ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Constitutional Evolution ◽  
Set Up

This chapter surveys the historical evolution of the European Union in four sections. Section 1 starts with the humble origins of the Union: the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which was set up by the 1951 Treaty of Paris. While limited in its scope, the ECSC introduced a supranational idea that was to become the trademark of the European Economic Community (EEC). Section 2 focuses the EEC, while Section 3 investigates the development of the (old) European Union founded through the Treaty of Maastricht. Finally, Section 4 reviews the reform efforts leading to the Lisbon Treaty, and analyses the structure of the—substantively—new European Union as it exists today. Concentrating on the constitutional evolution of the European Union, the chapter does not present its geographic development.

scholarly journals Europeanization of Turkey and the Long Way to EU Membership

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Doina Gavrilov
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Associate Membership ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Pass Through

For a few decades, Europe watches Turkey evolution in a matter of politics, policy, policies, human rights and so on. Everything begins in 1959 when Turkey applies to associate membership to the European Economic Community. But unfortunately for Turkey, the accession to the Community was not to accomplish. In time, the European Economic Community became the European Union. The organization pass through the enlargement process multiple times that today it is the Union of the 28 countries, but still without Turkey as a member. After all this time, a question is raised: what drags Turkey from achieving the membership status in all this time? In this paper, we try to answer the above question through the Europeanization spectrum.

scholarly journals How do European Young Muslims View European Identity?

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 871-884
Author(s):  
Branislav Radeljić
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
European Identity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Muslim Identity ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Constructivist Perspective ◽  
Muslim Communities

This paper examines the situation in the European Union where the growing presence of Muslim communities has already taken place. The initial understanding of the then European Economic Community as Christian Democratic, thus as Catholic, is no longer valid. In fact, from a social constructivist perspective, the presence of Muslims has posed a challenge and led to numerous debates relating to what has been promoted as European identity. Accordingly, this qualitative paper focuses on the coexistence of the two identities and questions to what extent young, EU-born, Muslims are ready to accept European identity, or, by contrast, continue to cultivate their own Muslim identity. The paper argues that the young Muslims can be divided into three different groups – traditionalists, neo-traditionalists and liberals, a division that is easily ignored by the society and, more importantly, policy makers, who consider only the first category when portraying Islam as a serious challenge to European identity. Conclusively, the paper notes that bigger efforts are needed on behalf of both the Europeans and the Muslims, efforts that will lead to successful co-existence and validate the EU’s cosmopolitan approach towards its otherness.

The Decline of the International Model

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Schütze
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Common Market ◽  
European Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
International Model ◽  
Regulatory Measures

The creation of a common market was (and is) a central task of the European Economic Community and today the European Union. The 1957 EEC Treaty thereby offered a variety of legal instruments to unite the different national markets into a ‘common’ European market. Originally, it closely followed the GATT suggestions in Article XXIV and outlawed customs duties (and equivalent measures), while it equally prohibited quantitative restrictions (and equivalent measures). The EEC Treaty also contained a non-discrimination provision for imported goods, yet the latter was textually confined to fiscal measures; and the question therefore arose how the 1957 Rome Treaty would regard State regulatory measures that discriminated against out-of-State goods. This chapter explores the constitutional choices made by the original Rome Treaty and the early Court with regard to market integration.

scholarly journals Does Brexit Spell the Death of Transnational Law?

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (S1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralf Michaels
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Transnational Law ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Uk

Philip Jessup would not be pleased. Exactly sixty years after he published his groundbreaking book onTransnational Law, a majority of voters in the United Kingdom decided they wanted none of that. By voting for the UK to leave the European Union, they rejected what may well be called the biggest and most promising project of transnational law. Indeed, the European Union (including its predecessor, the European Economic Community), is nearly as old Jessup's book. Both are products of the same time. That invites speculation that goes beyond the immediate effects of Brexit: Is the time of transnational law over? Or can transnational law be renewed and revived?

5. Brexit

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-120
Author(s):  
Anne Dennett
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
The Public ◽  
Parliamentary Sovereignty ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Domestic Law

This chapter discusses UK membership of the European Union and the Brexit process. On 1 January 1973, the UK became a member of the European Economic Community, and the UK Parliament passed the European Communities Act 1972, allowing directly applicable European laws to take effect as part of UK domestic law which had an impact on parliamentary sovereignty. In the 2016 Brexit referendum, a narrow majority of the public voted in favour of leaving the European Union and the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 repealed the European Communities Act 1972 on exit day when the UK left the European Union. Brexit has made significant changes to the UK constitution including the creation of a new body of retained EU law in UK domestic law, an impact on devolution, and raising the question of whether it has been a sufficient constitutional moment to trigger a codified UK constitution.

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