scholarly journals Road Side Vending, Growth of the Informal Sector and Learning Needs of Vendorsin Gaborone City of Botswana

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idowu Biao
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
City Council ◽  
Learning Needs ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
The Press ◽  
The One

<em>This study examined the phenomenon known as road side vending within the spatial arena of Gaborone city of Botswana. In clarifying the concepts employed in the study, a difference was made among the terminologies “street vendors” (mobile vendors moving all over within and about the streets), “hawkers” (mobile vendors moving both within and beyond the streets), and “road side vendors” (immobile vendors using road sidewalks and road/street corners for economic activities). The study employed a 15-item inventoryon the one hand, to elicit the factors that accounted for the recent phenomenal surge in road side vending in Gaborone and on the other hand, to highlight the expectations of the actors of this sector of the economy. The findings revealed that between 2012 and 2014, road side vending grew by 50% in Gaborone and 74% of Gaborone road side vendors were aged between 38-54 years, suggesting that this market is currently run by mature adults. The findings equally revealed that the growth of road side vending in Gaborone coincided with an era when unemployment began to be discussed within government circles, the press and in the streets of Botswana. This finding is supported by the literature which states that in general, the informal sector of the economy of less developed countries tend to grow under the impulse of unemployment and increasing poverty rate. The study ended with one major recommendation that called on the Gaborone City Council to use the instrumentality of learning to bring about the change it desires for Gaborone without excluding road side vendors from its Gaborone developmental blueprint.</em>

scholarly journals Problems of Working Women in the Rural Informal Sector of Punjab (Pakistan)

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Karamat Ali ◽  
Abdul Hamid Abdul Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Variable Structure ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The One

The informal sector plays a significant role in Pakistan’s economy as well as in other developing countries. The role of the informal sector in solving the unemployment problem of Third World countries has become the focus of a conceptual and empirical debate in recent years. Most of the research takes a favourable view of this sector and suggests that it should be used as a policy instrument for the solution of the most pressing problems of developing countries, such as unemployment, poverty, income inequalities, etc. Before proceeding further, we will define the informal sector and differentiate it from the formal sector. There are various definitions, but the one given in an ILO report (1972) is generally considered the best. According to this report, informal sector activities are ways of doing things characterised by a heterogeneous array of economic activities with relative ease of entry, reliance on indigenous resources; temporary or variable structure and family ownership of enterprises, small scale of operation, labour intensive and adapted technology, skills acquired outside the formal school system, not depending on formal financial institutions for its credit needs; unregulated and unregistered units, and not observing fixed hours/days of operation.

scholarly journals STRATEGI ADAPTASI PKL KOTA SEMARANG: KAJIAN TENTANG TINDAKAN SOSIAL

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-90
Author(s):  
Agus Maladi Irianto
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Social Actions

Tulisan berikut merupakan penelitian kualitatif mengenai strategi adaptasi pedagang kaki lima (PKL) dalam menandai tindakan sosial manusia yang menandai dinamika kegiatan ekonomi di perkotaan (khususnya di Kota Semarang). Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dari kajian ini adalah tersajikannya lukisan mendalam mengenai pola-pola usaha di sektor informal, serta penciptaan jaringan sosial di antara keluarga PKL dalam rangka mengisi lapangan pekerjaan di perkotaan. Sejumlah tindakan sosial manusia, khususnya yang dilakukan para PKL dalam penelitian ini, menyiratkan tentang tindakan sosial manusia yang kemudian mengkonstruksi konsep jaringan sosial dan strategi adaptasi PKL Kota Semarang.The following article is a qualitative research about the adaptation strategy of street vendors in marking the humans social action that marks the dynamic of economic activities in urban areas (especially in Semarang). The objectives of this study are presenting in-depth portrait of the business patterns in the informal sector, and the creation of social networks among street vendors families in order to fill the job fields in urban area. Several humans social actions, especially conducting by the street vendors in this research, imply about human social action which then construct the concept of social networking and adaptation strategies of the street vendors in Semarang city.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of poverty problems in Serbia and surrounding countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-41
Author(s):  
Petar Veselinović ◽  
Aleksandar Lukić ◽  
Danijela Pavlović
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Education And Development ◽  
Social Protection Systems

The subject of research in this article is a comparative analysis of the condition, causes and consequences of poverty in Serbia and the surrounding countries. Poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon, on the one hand, implies insufficient income to meet basic living needs, while on the other hand, it also covers various aspects of human rights, such as' inability to employ, inadequate housing and inadequate access to social protection for health, education and communal services. Due to a significant decrease in economic activities, but also due to the effect of numerous noneconomic factors, in the Republic of Serbia and the surrounding countries the last three decades there has been a decrease in the standard of living of the population and a concomitant increase in poverty. The results of the research indicate that economic growth and development, with a proactive role of the state in improving social protection systems, better education and development of social entrepreneurship, are key factors that contribute to employment growth and living standards, and consequently the decrease in the poverty rate.

Employment, Skills, and Upgrading

2020 ◽  
pp. 139-158
Author(s):  
D. Hugh Whittaker ◽  
Timothy J. Sturgeon ◽  
Toshie Okita ◽  
Tianbiao Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Informal Employment ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Nonstandard Employment ◽  
Employment Skills ◽  
The One ◽  
Economic Upgrading ◽  
India And China

Employment and skills are at the heart of economic development and the ‘middle-income trap’. Chapter 6 charts the evolution of ‘standard’ employment, and an expectation that the informal sector would disappear with industrialization. However, not only does the informal sector and informal employment now persist, but ‘nonstandard’ employment has been imported from developed countries, creating new forms of structural dualism. This diminishes the positive feedback loops between technological and economic upgrading on the one hand, and social upgrading or development on the other, intensifying ‘middle-income traps’. Such disjuncture is observed in global value chains, and in specific compressed-developer-country contexts, notably India and China.

scholarly journals A Framework for Enhancing the Spatial Urban Form of Informal Economies in India: The Case of Krishna Rajendra Market, Bangalore

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110231
Author(s):  
Shikha Patel ◽  
Raffaello Furlan ◽  
Michael Grosvald
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Informal Economies ◽  
Indian City ◽  
Planning Policies

The International Monetary Fund estimates that the Indian economy contributes over 8% to the global gross domestic product (GDP), making India the fifth largest economy in the world. However, the formal and informal sectors do not contribute equally to the national GDP, with over 80% of this total originating from the informal sector. Street vending, among other informal activities in India, is a vital contributor to the informal economy. Many scholars argue that despite the critical influence of physical urban patterns on the practicability and viability of informal activities, urban planners are not providing adequate urban planning policies. Bangalore, the third largest Indian city by population, is the subject of the present case study. Although this city hosts a wide variety of cultures, economies, and lifestyles, 74% of its population can be categorized as working in the informal sector. The goals of this research study are (a) to explore spatial planning in relation to the urban informal sector in Central Bangalore, (b) to identify the physical urban challenges experienced by the city’s street vendors, and (c) to examine the implications of these challenges for the city’s master plan. Through interviews, surveys, and site analysis (mapping), This study elucidates (a) the challenges experienced by the area’s stakeholders (i.e., vendors and buyers), (b) the limited planning of the spatial urban form by urban planners with regard to the accommodation of informal economic activities, and accordingly, (c) the need to implement spatial planning policies and design regulations appropriate to Bangalore’s high-density marketplace.

scholarly journals Carbon Emissions Embodied in Russia’s Trade: Implications for Climate Policy1

1970 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Makarov ◽  
Anna Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Input Output Analysis ◽  
International Climate ◽  
The One ◽  
Trade Partners

According to the current international climate change regime, countries are responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that result from economic activities within their national borders, including emissions from producing goods for export. At the same time, imports of carbon-intensive goods are not addressed by international agreements, including the Paris Agreement that was adopted in 2015. This paper examines emissions embodied in Russia’s exports and imports based on the results of an input-output analysis. Russia is the second largest exporter of emissions embodied in trade and the large portion of these emissions is directed to developed countries. Because of the large amount of net exports of carbon-intensive goods, the current approach to emissions accounting does not suit Russia’s interests. On the one hand, Russia, as well as other large net emissions exporters, is interested in the revision of allocation of responsibility between exporters and importers of carbon-intensive products. On the other hand, both the commodity exports structure and relatively carbon inefficient technologies make Russia vulnerable to the policy of “carbon protectionism,” which can be implemented by its trade partners.

Intellectual Property Rights, Genetical Resources and Traditional Knowledge: An Approach from the Perspective of Megadiverse Countries

elni Review ◽  
2010 ◽  
pp. 59-63
Author(s):  
Aírton Guilherme Berger Filho
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
High Expectations ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The One

In recent years, the press has reported on diverse cases of research, appropriation and commercialization by multinational companies of medicines, agricultural seeds and other by-products of biodiversity, without respect for the rights of the native populations and the local communities regarding their territory, their cultural and environmental goods. This practice, known as biopiracy, seeks to obtain the rights of intellectual property, mainly so as to acquire the patent of products and processes derived from research and innovations on the uses of biological diversity which is often guided by study of traditional knowledge. From the “ethnobioprospecting” concept used to explore biological information based on traditional knowledge, scientists have facilitated the discovery of new active principles and new species in megadiverse regions, reducing the time and the costs of obtaining new substances and products. There are high expectations about the uses that could be made of the exploitation of genetic diversity, bearing in mind that most biodiversity is barely studied or known. As a result there have been intense debates in law and in international relations about the access and intellectual appropriation of biodiversity, and the related traditional knowledge. It is considered a matter of a geopolitical onslaught among, on the one hand, the developed countries, rich in science and technology, with a financial, though poor, abundance of resources in genetic and cultural diversity, and, on the other hand, the developing countries, with scarce technological, scientific, and financial resources, but with the vast majority of the genetic resources and its associated traditional knowledge.

Carbon Emissions Embodied in Russia’s Trade: Implications for Climate Policy1

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Makarov ◽  
Anna Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Input Output Analysis ◽  
International Climate ◽  
The One ◽  
Trade Partners

According to the current international climate change regime, countries are responsible for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that result from economic activities within their national borders, including emissions from producing goods for export. At the same time, imports of carbon-intensive goods are not addressed by international agreements, including the Paris Agreement that was adopted in 2015. This paper examines emissions embodied in Russia’s exports and imports based on the results of an input-output analysis. Russia is the second largest exporter of emissions embodied in trade and the large portion of these emissions is directed to developed countries. Because of the large amount of net exports of carbon-intensive goods, the current approach to emissions accounting does not suit Russia’s interests. On the one hand, Russia, as well as other large net emissions exporters, is interested in the revision of allocation of responsibility between exporters and importers of carbon-intensive products. On the other hand, both the commodity exports structure and relatively carbon inefficient technologies make Russia vulnerable to the policy of “carbon protectionism,” which can be implemented by its trade partners.   Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v11i2.1192

Global Economic Crisis of 2008-2009: Sources and Roots

2009 ◽  
pp. 18-31
Author(s):  
G. Rapoport ◽  
A. Guerts
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Trade Deficit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Energy Resources ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Production Output ◽  
The One ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Partial Destruction

In the article the global crisis of 2008-2009 is considered as superposition of a few regional crises that occurred simultaneously but for different reasons. However, they have something in common: developed countries tend to maintain a strong level of social security without increasing the real production output. On the one hand, this policy has resulted in trade deficit and partial destruction of market mechanisms. On the other hand, it has clashed with the desire of several oil and gas exporting countries to receive an exclusive price for their energy resources.

The Other Entrepreneurs - Migrant Economies as Spaces for Social Innovation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-271
Author(s):  
Claudia Lintner
Keyword(s):  
Social Innovation ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Migrant Entrepreneurship ◽  
False Dichotomy ◽  
Migrant Entrepreneurs ◽  
The One

This article analyses the relationship between migrant entrepreneurship, marginalisation and social innovation. It does so, by looking how their ‘otherness’ is used on the one hand to reproduce their marginalised situation in society and on the other to develop new living and working arrangements promoting social innovation in society. The paper is based on a qualitative study, which was carried out from March 2014- 2016. In this period, twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with migrant entrepreneurs and experts. As the results show, migrant entrepreneurs are characterised by a false dichotomy of “native weakness” in economic self-organisation against the “classical strength” of majority entrepreneurs. It is shown that new possibilities of acting in the context of migrant entrepreneurship are mostly organised in close relation to the lifeworlds and specific needs deriving from this sphere. Social innovation processes initiated by migrant entrepreneurs through their economic activities thus develop on a micro level and are hence less apparent. Supportive networks are missing on a structural level, so it becomes difficult for single innovative initiatives to be long-lasting.

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