scholarly journals A Framework for Enhancing the Spatial Urban Form of Informal Economies in India: The Case of Krishna Rajendra Market, Bangalore

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402110231
Author(s):  
Shikha Patel ◽  
Raffaello Furlan ◽  
Michael Grosvald
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Informal Economies ◽  
Indian City ◽  
Planning Policies

The International Monetary Fund estimates that the Indian economy contributes over 8% to the global gross domestic product (GDP), making India the fifth largest economy in the world. However, the formal and informal sectors do not contribute equally to the national GDP, with over 80% of this total originating from the informal sector. Street vending, among other informal activities in India, is a vital contributor to the informal economy. Many scholars argue that despite the critical influence of physical urban patterns on the practicability and viability of informal activities, urban planners are not providing adequate urban planning policies. Bangalore, the third largest Indian city by population, is the subject of the present case study. Although this city hosts a wide variety of cultures, economies, and lifestyles, 74% of its population can be categorized as working in the informal sector. The goals of this research study are (a) to explore spatial planning in relation to the urban informal sector in Central Bangalore, (b) to identify the physical urban challenges experienced by the city’s street vendors, and (c) to examine the implications of these challenges for the city’s master plan. Through interviews, surveys, and site analysis (mapping), This study elucidates (a) the challenges experienced by the area’s stakeholders (i.e., vendors and buyers), (b) the limited planning of the spatial urban form by urban planners with regard to the accommodation of informal economic activities, and accordingly, (c) the need to implement spatial planning policies and design regulations appropriate to Bangalore’s high-density marketplace.

scholarly journals Coherence Among Street Vendors Act and City Planning Policies Case Study- Patiala

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-76
Author(s):  
Ajay Kaushal
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
The City ◽  
Planning Policies

The magnitude of informal sector and its contribution to national economy indicates that 92% of total work force of 457 million in India, work in the informal sector. Informal sector contributes 60% to country’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product). This sector shares 98% of the total enterprises in the country. As per 2011 census, Patiala has 4.46 lakh urban population served by 22,000 formal units and 7,000 informal units. Out of these 7,000 informal units, about 2000 informal units fall in walled city. This paper is an attempt to review the coherence among the Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014 and the City Planning Policies by studying the provisions made by the urban local bodies (ULB) to address the issues of informal sector under this Act and its integration with the city Master Plan before the enactment and after the enactment of the Vendors Act 2014. For better understanding the author has studied the historical evolution of informal trading activities in Patiala, its growth pattern, trend, spatial distribution, socio economic characteristics, space occupied, movement within informal and formal trade and its impacts on traffic, land use and physical environment. Salient features of The Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending Act,2014 have been discussed along with the practical application of the same by Municipal Corporation Patiala and its coherence with the city planning document. 

Informal Economies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Aryeetey
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Informal Employment ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Formal Economy ◽  
The Future ◽  
Informal Economies

The expressions, “informal economy,” “informal sector,” and “informal employment” reflect statistical terms and definitions used to describe various aspects of informality. They are the result of several decades of work to develop a framework that adequately represents the multifaceted nature of informality as it applies not only to developing countries, but also to other transition and developed economies. The informal sector is generally viewed as the set of activities of small unregistered enterprises, while informal employment refers to employment within the formal or informal sector that lacks any form of protection, whether legal or social.1 The informal economy is a broader concept that encompasses all of these elements in their different forms, including their outputs and outcomes. The many different views about the drivers and composition of the informal economy in Africa have influenced various prescriptions and policy responses. On the one hand, some have viewed informality as being inimical to investment and growth, given that the activities undertaken usually fall outside of official regulation and control. The policy response has, therefore, often been to clamp down on or formalize the activities and relationships within the informal economy. On the other hand, informality is sometimes viewed as critical for growth and poverty reduction, given that the informal economy is inextricably linked to the formal economy while also serving as an important source of livelihood for millions of people. As a result of this, some effort has recently gone into providing a more supportive environment to enhance productivity within the informal economy and minimize its inherent vulnerabilities in the last decade. In the face of increasing globalization and access to new technologies that will drive the future of work, there is concern about the future of informal economic activities. Whether new technologies lead to a decline or upscaling of the informal economy in Africa will depend on several elements. Technology will not only shape how informality in Africa is viewed, but will influence the kind of activities undertaken, its links with the formal economy, and ultimately, the public policy response, which will itself be shaped by advances in technology.

Tianguis as a Possibility of Autogestion: Street Vendors Claim Rights to the City in Cancún, Mexico

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Global South ◽  
The State ◽  
Urban Life ◽  
Spatial Transformation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
The City ◽  
Rights To The City

During the past 20 years, street vendors in various cities in the Global South have resisted aggressive state sanctioned removals and relocation strategies by organizing for vendors’ rights, protesting, and creating street vending member organizations with flexible relationships to the local state. Through these means, street vendors claim “rights in the city,” even as the bodies they inhabit and the spaces they produce are devalued by state legitimizing systems. In this article, I present a case study of the Union de Tianguistas y Comerciantes Ambulantes del Estado de Quintana Roo, a “bottom-up” driven, flexible street vending membership organization not formalized by the state in Cancún. I argue that the Union becomes a platform for street vendors to claim rights to the city, and exemplifies vending systems that combine economic activities with leisure spaces in marginalized urban areas, and circumvent strict vending regulations without being absorbed into or directly monitored by the state. Highlighting the Union’s sustainable practices of spatial transformation, and vision of self-managed spaces of socioeconomic urban life in Cancún, illuminates how the members of the Union claim rights to the city as an example of a process of awakening toward imagining possibilities for urban futures that moves away from the state and capitalists systems, and akin to what Lefebvre termed autogestion toward resisting neoliberal ideologies that currently dominate urban planning projects in the Global South.

scholarly journals STRATEGI ADAPTASI PKL KOTA SEMARANG: KAJIAN TENTANG TINDAKAN SOSIAL

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-90
Author(s):  
Agus Maladi Irianto
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Networking ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Social Actions

Tulisan berikut merupakan penelitian kualitatif mengenai strategi adaptasi pedagang kaki lima (PKL) dalam menandai tindakan sosial manusia yang menandai dinamika kegiatan ekonomi di perkotaan (khususnya di Kota Semarang). Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dari kajian ini adalah tersajikannya lukisan mendalam mengenai pola-pola usaha di sektor informal, serta penciptaan jaringan sosial di antara keluarga PKL dalam rangka mengisi lapangan pekerjaan di perkotaan. Sejumlah tindakan sosial manusia, khususnya yang dilakukan para PKL dalam penelitian ini, menyiratkan tentang tindakan sosial manusia yang kemudian mengkonstruksi konsep jaringan sosial dan strategi adaptasi PKL Kota Semarang.The following article is a qualitative research about the adaptation strategy of street vendors in marking the humans social action that marks the dynamic of economic activities in urban areas (especially in Semarang). The objectives of this study are presenting in-depth portrait of the business patterns in the informal sector, and the creation of social networks among street vendors families in order to fill the job fields in urban area. Several humans social actions, especially conducting by the street vendors in this research, imply about human social action which then construct the concept of social networking and adaptation strategies of the street vendors in Semarang city.

scholarly journals POLICING PEDDLERS: THE PROSECUTION OF ILLEGAL STREET TRADE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY DUTCH TOWNS

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIELLE VAN DEN HEUVEL
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Local Power ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Source Materials

AbstractStreet vending was a common feature in many towns in early modern Europe. However, peddlers and hawkers often operated outside the official framework, lacking permission from governments and guilds. The impact of their informal status has hitherto not featured very extensively in historical studies. This article assesses the impact of policing of street vendors by looking at familiar source materials in a new way. Rather than solely focusing on those people who were ultimately punished, this article investigates the full process of policing and prosecution of street traders in eighteenth-century Dutch towns. It exposes that apart from those receiving a formal punishment, many more traders could suffer from policing activities, and that particular groups of street vendors were more vulnerable than others due to the specific dynamics of local power relations. As such, this article provides new insights into policing and social control, while also offering wider lessons for our understanding of the relationship between the formal and informal economy in pre-industrial Europe.

scholarly journals A Proposed Credit Risk Assessment for People at the Bottom of the Social Pyramid in Cali, Colombia

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Juan Acevedo ◽  
Lina Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual

The informal economy accounts for half of the economic activity in Colombia. Street vending is a major part of the informal sector. In the context of a rapid urbanization due to internal conflicts, low skilled workers find a last resort for income generation as street vendors. Even though studies have revealed that street vendors can have high profits, they usually remain poor. A primary reason is their continuous indebtedness outside the regulated financial market. This paper proposes a comprehensive questionnaire survey on the socioeconomic profile of street vendors. This tool can be used to assess the individual credit risk and incentivize the financial inclusion of the poor. It can also be used for evaluation processes by the government or impact investors.

scholarly journals Road Side Vending, Growth of the Informal Sector and Learning Needs of Vendorsin Gaborone City of Botswana

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idowu Biao
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
City Council ◽  
Learning Needs ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Mature Adults ◽  
The Press ◽  
The One

<em>This study examined the phenomenon known as road side vending within the spatial arena of Gaborone city of Botswana. In clarifying the concepts employed in the study, a difference was made among the terminologies “street vendors” (mobile vendors moving all over within and about the streets), “hawkers” (mobile vendors moving both within and beyond the streets), and “road side vendors” (immobile vendors using road sidewalks and road/street corners for economic activities). The study employed a 15-item inventoryon the one hand, to elicit the factors that accounted for the recent phenomenal surge in road side vending in Gaborone and on the other hand, to highlight the expectations of the actors of this sector of the economy. The findings revealed that between 2012 and 2014, road side vending grew by 50% in Gaborone and 74% of Gaborone road side vendors were aged between 38-54 years, suggesting that this market is currently run by mature adults. The findings equally revealed that the growth of road side vending in Gaborone coincided with an era when unemployment began to be discussed within government circles, the press and in the streets of Botswana. This finding is supported by the literature which states that in general, the informal sector of the economy of less developed countries tend to grow under the impulse of unemployment and increasing poverty rate. The study ended with one major recommendation that called on the Gaborone City Council to use the instrumentality of learning to bring about the change it desires for Gaborone without excluding road side vendors from its Gaborone developmental blueprint.</em>

scholarly journals Street vending in the Eastern Cape: Survival strategy or conduit to entrepreneurship?

2002 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 625-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mahadea
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Survival Strategy ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Survival Mode ◽  
Economic Growth Rates

Although South Afiica consistently registered positive economic growth rates since the democratic government took office in 1994, this economic expansion has not been accompanied by a surge of new formal sector jobs. The public and private sectors have been shedding labour, partly in response to globalisation and domestic economic realities. Consequently, more and more individuals are taking to street vending to create jobs for themselves. This article examines the dynamics of street vending and investigates whether it is merely a survival mode of existence or a conduit to formal entrepreneurship. The results of the study indicate that only 15 per cent of the surveyed operators may graduate to formal entrepreneurship in the medium or long term. It seems highly unlikely that a substantial number of high profile entrepreneurs would emerge from this mass of survivalist traders. For most street traders, the informal economy is not a conduit to entrepreneurship, but a survival strategy. From a development perspective, the way forward for street vendors is to transform their ventures into more value-adding operations that can provide sustainable livelihoods for themselves, and in due course jobs for others.

scholarly journals Streets as Public Spaces: Lessons from Street Vending in Ahmedabad, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prithvi Deore ◽  
Saumya Lathia
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Street Vending ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Definition Of

Public spaces go beyond the typical definition of being an open space. They reflect the diversity and vibrancy of the urban fabric and hold the power to create memories. Among all public spaces, streets emerge as the most public. Streets are engines of economic activities, social hubs, and platforms for civic engagement. They break socio-economic divides and foster social cohesion. Planning, designing, and managing better public spaces have become important global discussions. Sustainable Development Goals (8 and 11) and the New Urban Agenda emphasize the significance of inclusive and sustainable economy and safe, accessible and quality public spaces for all. The proposed article uses the case of street vending to understand the manifestation of these goals in an Indian context by assessing street vendors’ role in Ahmedabad’s urban fabric through extensive spatial analysis of 4,000 vendors at four different time points of the day, perception studies of their clientele disaggregated by gender, income and age, and their relationship with surrounding land-use and street hierarchy. It showcases how street vendors make the streets more vibrant by increasing activities, safer through ensuring inflow of people, and inclusive in its true sense by allowing people from different backgrounds to participate in the exchange of goods and services. It further argues that street vendors are vital elements of more equitable and exciting streets and public space.

scholarly journals Informal Market in Urban Setting in India: A Sociological Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-120
Author(s):  
Aayushi VERMA ◽  
Pawan KUMAR MISRA
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Special Topic ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Informal Market

The formal and the informal market are two significant parts of the economy in India. However, the portion of the informal sector is more when contrasted with the formal one. The informal share of market, which eventually bolsters the conventional economy, is expanding step by step. These informal Markets give a special topic of sociological examination with regards to the informal economy. This paper intends to sociologically contextualize street vendors and weekly markets in the triangle shaped by the urban space, informal economy and state, and see how informal ness is conjured in formal metropolitan circle. This examination through different past investigations attempted to comprehend vendors profile of these market and their conduct with shoppers and among themselves. This paper investigates the profile of consumer and their conduct in urban weekly market. The conduct that the consumers show in looking for, buying, utilizing, assessing and discarding items and services that they expect will fulfil their necessities. Consumer behaviour is impacted by different components like individual, ecological and dynamic. This examination utilizes distinctive other recently distributed attempts to comprehend the idea of weekly market. Further this article also brings into light various problems faced by these informal markets and also talks about policies and legislation brought by government for their betterment.

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