Nanomedicinal delivery of stimulator of interferon genes agonists: recent advances in virus vaccination

Nanomedicine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (29) ◽  
pp. 2883-2894
Author(s):  
Saborni Chattopadhyay ◽  
Che-Ming Jack Hu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvant ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Virus Vaccination ◽  
Anticancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cyclic Dinucleotides

The discovery of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and their agonists as primary components that link antiviral innate and adaptive immunity has motivated growing research on STING agonist-mediated immunotherapy and vaccine development. To overcome the delivery challenge in shuttling highly polar STING agonists, typically in the form of cyclic dinucleotides, to target cells and to STING proteins in cellular cytosol, numerous nanoformulation strategies have been implemented for effective STING activation. While many STING-activating nanoparticles are developed to enhance anticancer immunotherapy, their adoption as vaccine adjuvant has vastly propelled antiviral vaccination efforts against challenging public health threats, including HIV, influenza and coronaviruses. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic that has thrusted vaccine development into the public spotlight, this review highlights advances in nanomedicinal STING agonist delivery with an emphasis on their applications in antiviral vaccination.

A novel vaccine adjuvant comprised of a synthetic innate defence regulator peptide and CpG oligonucleotide links innate and adaptive immunity

Vaccine ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (34) ◽  
pp. 4662-4671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Kindrachuk ◽  
Håvard Jenssen ◽  
Melissa Elliott ◽  
Rebecca Townsend ◽  
Anastasia Nijnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvant ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Cpg Oligonucleotide ◽  
Innate Defence

scholarly journals Research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines: a review

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis K. Schrager ◽  
Rebecca C. Harris ◽  
Johan Vekemans
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Disease Agent ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Health Need ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Exciting Development

Tuberculosis kills more people worldwide than any other single infectious disease agent, a threat made more dire by the spread of drug-resistant strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Development of new vaccines capable of preventing TB disease and newMtbinfection are an essential component of the strategy to combat the TB epidemic. Accordingly, the WHO considers the development of new TB vaccines a major public health priority. In October 2017, the WHO convened a consultation with global leaders in the TB vaccine development field to emphasize the WHO commitment to this effort and to facilitate creative approaches to the discovery and development of TB vaccine candidates. This review summarizes the presentations at this consultation, updated with scientific literature references, and includes discussions of the public health need for a TB vaccine; the status of efforts to develop vaccines to replace or potentiate BCG in infants and develop new TB vaccines for adolescents and adults; strategies being employed to diversify vaccine platforms; and new animal models being developed to facilitate TB vaccine development. A perspective on the status of these efforts from the major funders and organizational contributors also is included. This presentation highlights the extraordinary progress being made to develop new TB vaccines and provided a clear picture of the exciting development pathways that are being explored.

scholarly journals Antigenic Essence: Upgrade of Cellular Cancer Vaccines

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Petr G. Lokhov ◽  
Elena E. Balashova
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Histocompatibility Complex ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Car T ◽  
Anticancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Immunological Assays ◽  
Culture Technology

The development of anticancer immunotherapy is characterized by several approaches, the most recognized of which include cellular vaccines, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), neoantigens, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T). This paper presents antigenic essence technology as an effective means for the production of new antigen compositions for anticancer vaccination. This technology is developed via proteomics, cell culture technology, and immunological assays. In terms of vaccine development, it does not fit into any of the above-noted approaches and can be considered a new direction. Here we review the development of this technology, its main characteristics, comparison with existing approaches, and the features that distinguish it as a novel approach to anticancer vaccination. This review will also highlight the benefits of this technology over other approaches, such as the ability to control composition, optimize immunogenicity and similarity to target cells, and evade major histocompatibility complex restriction. The first antigenic essence products, presented under the SANTAVAC brand, are also described.

scholarly journals Friend retrovirus studies reveal complex interactions between intrinsic, innate and adaptive immunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulf Dittmer ◽  
Kathrin Sutter ◽  
George Kassiotis ◽  
Gennadiy Zelinskyy ◽  
Zoltán Bánki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Type I ◽  
Retroviral Infection ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity

ABSTRACTApproximately 4.4% of the human genome is comprised of endogenous retroviral sequences, a record of an evolutionary battle between man and retroviruses. Much of what we know about viral immunity comes from studies using mouse models. Experiments using the Friend virus (FV) model have been particularly informative in defining highly complex anti-retroviral mechanisms of the intrinsic, innate and adaptive arms of immunity. FV studies have unraveled fundamental principles about how the immune system controls both acute and chronic viral infections. They led to a more complete understanding of retroviral immunity that begins with cellular sensing, production of type I interferons, and the induction of intrinsic restriction factors. Novel mechanisms have been revealed, which demonstrate that these earliest responses affect not only virus replication, but also subsequent innate and adaptive immunity. This review on FV immunity not only surveys the complex host responses to a retroviral infection from acute infection to chronicity, but also highlights the many feedback mechanisms that regulate and counter-regulate the various arms of the immune system. In addition, the discovery of molecular mechanisms of immunity in this model have led to therapeutic interventions with implications for HIV cure and vaccine development.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Different Population Groups in China: a National Multi-Center Online Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiman Huang ◽  
Xiaoyou Su ◽  
Weijun Xiao ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Mingyu Si ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
General Population ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Population Groups ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Professionals

Abstract Background: COVID-19 vaccine has been available in China since the beginning of the 2021, however, certain numbers of people are reluctant for some reasons to vaccinate. The high vaccine coverage is crucial for controlling disease transmission. Meanwhile, the vaccine hesitancy might be a barrier to the establishment of sufficient herd immunization. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy towards the COVID-19 vaccine among different population groups, and explores the characteristics of different groups about vaccine hesitancy and common barriers and facilitators to vaccination decisions.Methods: The current survey was performed among students, public health professionals, medical workers and general population from January to March 2021 among Chinese from seven cities located in seven geographical territories of China. The questionnaire contained sociodemographic information, concerns about COVID-19 epidemic, general vaccination behavior and attitudes, the General Vaccine Hesitancy Scale, the COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Scale and other potential factors of vaccine hesitancy. Univariate analysis was conducted by chi-squared test, and variables were significant at P < 0.10 were then included in a multivariable regression model.Results: The prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy was 64.1% in our study, and a higher prevalence (73.7%) was in public health professionals compared to students (58.3%), medical workers (64.9%) and general population (61.1%). The results of multivariate analysis indicated that public health professionals were more likely to be hesitant against COVID-19 vaccine than general population (OR: 1.469, 95% CI: 1.069-2.019. And participants who needed transparent information about COVID-19 vaccine development, efficacy and safety (OR: 1.609, 95% CI: 1.343-1.928) and who have received negative information of COVID-19 vaccine (OR: 1.300, 95% CI: 1.130-1.496) were more likely to have vaccine hesitancy.Conclusions: Appropriate training in knowledge and communication skills about vaccines are necessary for public health professionals to help themselves and the public to increase their willingness of vaccination. Reducing the spread of misinformation and disseminating facts in a timely and accurate way will likely reduce vaccine hesitancy. Also, to establish suitable communication strategies between the government and the public and a warning system on infodemic would be helpful to improve public’s confidence in vaccination.

scholarly journals Research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines: a review

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis K. Schrager ◽  
Rebecca C. Harris ◽  
Johan Vekemans
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Disease Agent ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Health Need ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Exciting Development

Tuberculosis kills more people worldwide than any other single infectious disease agent, a threat made more dire by the spread of drug-resistant strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Development of new vaccines capable of preventing TB disease and newMtbinfection are an essential component of the strategy to combat the TB epidemic. Accordingly, the WHO considers the development of new TB vaccines a major public health priority. In October 2017, the WHO convened a consultation with global leaders in the TB vaccine development field to emphasize the WHO commitment to this effort and to facilitate creative approaches to the discovery and development of TB vaccine candidates. This review summarizes the presentations at this consultation, updated with scientific literature references, and includes discussions of the public health need for a TB vaccine; the status of efforts to develop vaccines to replace or potentiate BCG in infants and develop new TB vaccines for adolescents and adults; strategies being employed to diversify vaccine platforms; and new animal models being developed to facilitate TB vaccine development. A perspective on the status of these efforts from the major funders and organizational contributors also is included. This presentation highlights the extraordinary progress being made to develop new TB vaccines and provided a clear picture of the exciting development pathways that are being explored.

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