scholarly journals Research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines: a review

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis K. Schrager ◽  
Rebecca C. Harris ◽  
Johan Vekemans
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Disease Agent ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Health Need ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Exciting Development

Tuberculosis kills more people worldwide than any other single infectious disease agent, a threat made more dire by the spread of drug-resistant strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Development of new vaccines capable of preventing TB disease and newMtbinfection are an essential component of the strategy to combat the TB epidemic. Accordingly, the WHO considers the development of new TB vaccines a major public health priority. In October 2017, the WHO convened a consultation with global leaders in the TB vaccine development field to emphasize the WHO commitment to this effort and to facilitate creative approaches to the discovery and development of TB vaccine candidates. This review summarizes the presentations at this consultation, updated with scientific literature references, and includes discussions of the public health need for a TB vaccine; the status of efforts to develop vaccines to replace or potentiate BCG in infants and develop new TB vaccines for adolescents and adults; strategies being employed to diversify vaccine platforms; and new animal models being developed to facilitate TB vaccine development. A perspective on the status of these efforts from the major funders and organizational contributors also is included. This presentation highlights the extraordinary progress being made to develop new TB vaccines and provided a clear picture of the exciting development pathways that are being explored.

scholarly journals Research and development of new tuberculosis vaccines: a review

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis K. Schrager ◽  
Rebecca C. Harris ◽  
Johan Vekemans
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
Disease Agent ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Health Need ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains ◽  
Exciting Development

Tuberculosis kills more people worldwide than any other single infectious disease agent, a threat made more dire by the spread of drug-resistant strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Development of new vaccines capable of preventing TB disease and newMtbinfection are an essential component of the strategy to combat the TB epidemic. Accordingly, the WHO considers the development of new TB vaccines a major public health priority. In October 2017, the WHO convened a consultation with global leaders in the TB vaccine development field to emphasize the WHO commitment to this effort and to facilitate creative approaches to the discovery and development of TB vaccine candidates. This review summarizes the presentations at this consultation, updated with scientific literature references, and includes discussions of the public health need for a TB vaccine; the status of efforts to develop vaccines to replace or potentiate BCG in infants and develop new TB vaccines for adolescents and adults; strategies being employed to diversify vaccine platforms; and new animal models being developed to facilitate TB vaccine development. A perspective on the status of these efforts from the major funders and organizational contributors also is included. This presentation highlights the extraordinary progress being made to develop new TB vaccines and provided a clear picture of the exciting development pathways that are being explored.

Motivasi dan kepuasan kerja pegawai puskesmas BLUD dan non-BLUD Kabupaten Semarang

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Aswindar Adhi Gumilang ◽  
Tri Pitara Mahanggoro ◽  
Qurrotul Aini
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
P Value ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Demand For Health ◽  
Public Demand

The public demand for health service professionalism and transparent financial management made some Puskesmas in Semarang regency changed the status of public health center to BLUD. The implementation of Puskesmas BLUD and non-BLUD requires resources that it can work well in order to meet the expectations of the community. The aim of this study is to know the difference of work motivation and job satisfaction of employees in Puskesmas BLUD and non-BLUD. Method of this research is a comparative descriptive with a quantitative approach. The object of this research are work motivation and job satisfaction of employees in Puskesmas BLUD and non-BLUD Semarang regency. This Research showed that Sig value. (P-value) work motivation variable was 0.019 smaller than α value (0.05). It showed that there was a difference of work motivation of employees in Puskemas BLUD and non-BLUD. Sig value (P-value) variable of job satisfaction was 0.020 smaller than α value (0.05). It showed that there was a difference of job satisfaction of BLUD and non-BLUD. The average of non-BLUD employees motivation were 76.59 smaller than the average of BLUD employees were 78.25. The average of job satisfaction of BLUD employees were 129.20 bigger than the average of non-BLUD employee were 124.26. Job satisfaction of employees in Puskesmas BLUD was higher than non-BLUD employees.

Introducing Technology into the Public STD Clinic

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard T. Conlon
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Computer Technology ◽  
Partner Notification ◽  
Federal Funding ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Status ◽  
Testing And Counseling

Review of the literature on public health services shows that virtually no information is available on how the state-supported networks of STD clinics now function, what the possibilities are for achieving efficiency in service delivery, or the implications of local, state, and federal funding and staffing changes. This article describes models of STD services now offered and thus allows one to project impending changes in the public health STD clinic system. The description includes a brief recount of how the imposition of HIV testing and counseling has taxed clinic resources and has sharpned the need for more efficient, technology-supported management. The status of federal staff is also summarized, with consideration of how decreases in staff will affect partner notification, the cornerstone of traditional STD-clinic-based services. Data on clinic function and staffing trends frame suggestions for the placement of computer technology in the system.

scholarly journals Readapting Pandemic Premediation and Propaganda: Soderbergh’s Contagion amid COVID-19

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Original Film ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status ◽  
Streaming Services ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
New Social Order

Steven Soderbergh’s pandemic thriller Contagion (2011) was trending strongly on streaming services in the US in the early days of COVID-19 restrictions, where the fiction took on an unforeseen afterlife amid a real pandemic. In this new context, many viewers and critics reported that the film seemed “uncanny,” if not prophetic. Frameworks such as Priscilla Wald’s notion of the “outbreak narrative,” as well Richard Grusin’s “premediation,” may help to theorize this affective experience on the part of viewers. Yet the film was also designed as a public health propaganda film to make people fear and better prepare for pandemics, and the present account works to recover this history. Although the film takes liberties with reality, in particular by proposing an unlikely vaccine-development narrative, Soderbergh and screenwriter Scott Z. Burns consulted prominent scientists and policymakers as they wrote the film, in particular Larry Brilliant and Ian Lipkin. These same scientists were consulted again in March 2020, when an effort spearheaded by Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public health reunited the star-studded cast of Contagion, who created at home a series of public health announcement videos that might be thought of as a kind of re-adaptation of the film for the COVID-19 era. These public service announcements touch on key aspects of pandemic experience premediated by the original film, such as social distancing and vaccine development. Yet their very production as “work-from-home” illustrates how the film neglected to address the status of work during a pandemic. Recovering this history via Contagion allows us to rethink the film as a cultural placeholder marking a shift from post-9/11 security politics to the pandemic moment. It also becomes possible to map the cultural meaning of the technologies and practices that have facilitated the pandemic, which shape a new social order dictated by the fears and desires of an emerging work-from-home class.

scholarly journals Profile and prognosis of adolescents and adults with primary immunodeficiencies in the public health service in Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. A134
Author(s):  
Fernanda Maia Vidal ◽  
Norma Rubini ◽  
Licia Clara Fernandes Couto Da Silva ◽  
Albertina Varandas Capelo ◽  
Maria Conceição Santos Moraes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Public Health Service ◽  
Primary Immunodeficiencies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

scholarly journals Preventing the White Death: Tuberculosis Dispensaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (629) ◽  
pp. 1288-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Juul Egedesø ◽  
Casper Worm Hansen ◽  
Peter Sandholt Jensen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Information Provision ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Health Institution ◽  
Public Health Institution ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death worldwide and while treatable by antibiotics since the 1940s, drug resistant strains have emerged. This article estimates the effects of the establishment of a pre-antibiotic public health institution, known as a TB dispensary, designed to prevent the spread of the disease. Our annual difference-in-differences estimation reveals that the rollout of the dispensaries across Danish cities led to a 19% decline in the TB mortality rate, but no significant impacts on other diseases when performing placebo regressions. We next take advantage of the dispensaries explicit targeting on TB to setup a triple-differences model which exploits other diseases as controls and obtain a similar magnitude of the effect. As for the mechanism, the evidence highlights the dispensaries’ preventive actions, such as information provision. At an estimated cost as low as 68 dollars per saved life-year, this particular public-health institution was extraordinarily cost effective. Overall, our evidence suggests a policy for developing countries to combat drug resistant TB.

scholarly journals The case for a universal hepatitis C vaccine to achieve hepatitis C elimination

BMC Medicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Scott ◽  
David P. Wilson ◽  
Alexander J. Thompson ◽  
Eleanor Barnes ◽  
Manal El-Sayed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Treatment As Prevention ◽  
Test And Treat ◽  
Direct Acting Antiviral ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
Efficacious Vaccine ◽  
Health Need ◽  
Direct Acting

Abstract Background The introduction of highly effective direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy for hepatitis C has led to calls to eliminate it as a public health threat through treatment-as-prevention. Recent studies suggest it is possible to develop a vaccine to prevent hepatitis C. Using a mathematical model, we examined the potential impact of a hepatitis C vaccine on the feasibility and cost of achieving the global WHO elimination target of an 80% reduction in incidence by 2030 in the era of DAA treatment. Methods The model was calibrated to 167 countries and included two population groups (people who inject drugs (PWID) and the general community), features of the care cascade, and the coverage of health systems to deliver services. Projections were made for 2018–2030. Results The optimal incidence reduction strategy was to implement test and treat programmes among PWID, and in settings with high levels of community transmission undertake screening and treatment of the general population. With a vaccine available, the optimal strategy was to include vaccination within test and treat programmes, in addition to vaccinating adolescents in settings with high levels of community transmission. Of the 167 countries modelled, between 0 and 48 could achieve an 80% reduction in incidence without a vaccine. This increased to 15–113 countries if a 75% efficacious vaccine with a 10-year duration of protection were available. If a vaccination course cost US$200, vaccine use reduced the cost of elimination for 66 countries (40%) by an aggregate of US$7.4 (US$6.6–8.2) billion. For a US$50 per course vaccine, this increased to a US$9.8 (US$8.7–10.8) billion cost reduction across 78 countries (47%). Conclusions These findings strongly support the case for hepatitis C vaccine development as an urgent public health need, to ensure hepatitis C elimination is achievable and at substantially reduced costs for a majority of countries.

The Status and Trends of Obesity in China

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ge
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
The Status ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Active Lifestyles ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Policies And Programs

China has witnessed a rapid economic growth over the past two decades and, as the result, the living standard of the Chinese population improved continuously. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased consistently in both adults and children during this period of time. The increased prevalence of obesity is associated with the increased affluence, and intense process of urbanization and less active lifestyles. To review the epidemiological information on prevalence of overweight and obesity and drawing up recommendations for developing public health policies and programs for improving the prevention and management of obesity is urgent, because it is already evident that the public health profiles in China are changing dramatically and the risks associated with excess weight gain are particularly profound.

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