scholarly journals The Significance of Storage in the “Cost of Risk” of Digital Preservation

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Wright ◽  
Ant Miller ◽  
Matthew Addis
Keyword(s):  
Digital Preservation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Digital Repository ◽  
Storage Technology ◽  
Digital Storage ◽  
It Systems ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

As storage costs drop, storage is becoming the lowest cost in a digital repository – and the biggest risk. We examine current modelling of costs and risks in digital preservation, concentrating on the Total Cost of Risk when using digital storage systems for preserving audiovisual material. We review the vital role of storage and show how planning for long-term preservation of data should consider the risks involved in using digital storage technology. Gaps in information necessary for accurate modelling – and planning – are presented. We call for new functionality to support recovery of files with errors, to eliminate the all-or-nothing approach of current IT systems, which in turn reduces the impact of failures of digital storage technology and mitigates against loss of digital data.

Perinatal Care at the Threshold of Viability

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 96 (5) ◽  
pp. 974-976
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Extremely Low Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Obstetric Management ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The survival rate for infants at the threshold of viability has been improving. However, there are insufficient data regarding the cost(s) of initial and ongoing care of these infants and the long-term outcome of survivors. Furthermore, there has been little study of the impact of obstetric management on the survival rates of extremely low birth weight infants and on long-term morbidities. Continued research on these issues is imperative, and physicians need to remain informed of changing statistics.

scholarly journals Cultivate, assess, advocate, implement, and sustain

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Mannheimer ◽  
Conor Cote
Keyword(s):  
Cost Savings ◽  
Digital Preservation ◽  
Shared Vision ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Shared Knowledge ◽  
Collective Knowledge ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Ongoing Support

Purpose For libraries with limited resources, digital preservation can seem like a daunting responsibility. Forming partnerships can help build collective knowledge and maximize combined resources to achieve digital preservation goals. This paper aims to provide guidance to help libraries with limited resources achieve digital preservation goals by forming partnerships to build collective knowledge and maximize combined resources. Design/methodology/approach In 2015, librarians from four Montana institutions formed the Digital Preservation Working Group (DPWG), a collaboration to increase digital preservation efforts statewide. The group’s immediate goals were to promote digital preservation best-practices at each individual institution, and to learn about and support each other’s work. The group’s long-term goal was to implement a shared digital preservation service that would fill gaps in existing digital preservation efforts. Findings Beyond the cost savings gained by sharing a digital preservation service, the members of DPWG benefitted from shared knowledge and expertise gained during the partnership. The group also functioned as a sounding board as each institution built its digital preservation program, and it became a system of support when challenges arose. Practical/implications This paper proposes a five-point plan for creating digital preservation partnerships: cultivate a foundation of knowledge and identify a shared vision; assess the current digital preservation landscape at each institution; advocate for the value of digital preservation activities; implement shared digital preservation services; and sustain group activities and establish structures for ongoing support. Originality/value The activities of DPWG provide a model for institutions seeking to collaborate to meet digital preservation challenges. This paper shows that by implementing a structured plan, institutions can build and sustain digital preservation partnerships, thus positioning themselves to achieve digital preservation success.

scholarly journals Does Social Franchising Private Health Facilities Shift Consumers Budget Line? An Econometric Analysis of the Average Treatment Effect within Private Health Facilities in Embu County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Stephen Nyag ◽  
Susan Okeri ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Social Franchising ◽  
Cost Variance ◽  
Matching Criteria ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Radius Matching

The Kenyan private health sector is one of the most developed in Sub-Saharan Africa and is highly critical in healthcare delivery. It is estimated 47 percent of the first quintile of income earners utilize the private facility for healthcare needs and 33 percent of women seek family planning (FP) services in this sector. However, the cost of healthcare services has been a great impediment to service utilization. To improve service quality and increase access, social franchising, interventions on the demand side such as the use of insurance and vouchers, and supply of subsidized medical products on the supply side are intended to reduce the cost of services. This study sought to investigate the impact of interventions of social franchisors on the cost of healthcare in private facilities in Kenya. The study used primary data collected from 215 individuals living within catchment areas with private health facilities using researcher-administered questionnaire. The main franchisors included in this study were Sustainable Health Foundation (CFW) and Population Services Kenya (Tunza). Results revealed that women whose primary motivation to visit private facilities included FP services, need of a lower cost of treatments, and quality services had higher odds of choosing franchised health facilities. Propensity score matching (PSM) using three matching criteria—nearest neighbor, kernel matching, and radius matching of 0.01—indicated that individuals seeking children’s health services and 3-month FP methods paid similar amounts in either franchised or nonfranchised health facilities. However, there was a huge cost variance for long-term FP methods where women paid significantly less, implying that social franchisors’ main impact is on long-term FP methods. The cost variance was due to vouchers utilized by some respondents hence, incurring zero cost in franchised facilities. Therefore, the study recommends the expansion of social franchising membership and the use of the voucher system for financially incapable consumers.

scholarly journals Long-term Prescription? Digital Surveillance is Here to Stay

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Žilvinas Švedkauskas ◽  
Ahmed Maati
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
The State ◽  
Digital Data ◽  
Stanford University ◽  
Digital Surveillance ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Everyday Communication

An emerging literature has shown concerns about the impact of the pandemic on the proliferation of digital surveillance. Contributing to these debates, in this paper we demonstrate how the pandemic facilitates digital surveillance in three ways: (1) By shifting everyday communication to digital means it contributes to the generation of extensive amounts of data susceptible to surveillance. (2) It motivates the development of new digital surveillance tools. (3) The pandemic serves as a perfect justification for governments to prolong digital surveillance. We provide empirical anecdotes for these three effects by examining reports by the Global Digital Policy Incubator at Stanford University. Building on our argument, we conclude that we might be on the verge of a dangerous normalization of digital surveillance. Thus, we call on scholars to consider the full effects of public health crises on politics and suggest scrutinizing sources of digital data and the complex relationships between the state, corporate actors, and the sub-contractors behind digital surveillance.

scholarly journals The Impact of Green Credit on the Green Innovation Level of Heavy-Polluting Enterprises—Evidence from China

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Zhifeng Zhang ◽  
Hongyan Duan ◽  
Shuangshuang Shan ◽  
Qingzhi Liu ◽  
Wenhui Geng
Keyword(s):  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Double Difference ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Green Innovation ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Corporate Credit ◽  
Credit Financing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This article uses the “Green Credit Guidelines” promulgated in 2012 as an example to construct a quasi-natural experiment and uses the double difference method to test the impact of the implementation of the “Green Credit Guidelines” on the green innovation activities of heavy-polluting enterprises. The study found that, in comparison to non-heavy polluting enterprises, the implementation of green credit policies inhibited the green innovation of all heavy-polluting enterprises. In the analysis of heterogeneity, this restraint effect did not differ significantly due to the nature of property rights and the company’s size. The mechanism test showed that green credit policy limits the efficiency of business investment and increases the cost of financing business debt. Eliminating corporate credit financing, particularly long-term borrowing, negatively impacts the green innovation behavior of listed companies.

Long-term reproductive patterns and sighting bias in Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli)

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1091-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ward Testa
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Age At First Reproduction ◽  
Reproductive Patterns ◽  
Weddell Seals ◽  
Signy Island ◽  
First Reproduction ◽  
Reproductive Rates ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The reproductive performance of tagged Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) was monitored at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, from 1970 to 1984. An age-specific reproductive schedule revealed the major onset of pupping at age 6 years, and a mean age of first birth of 7.1 years. The average asymptotic pupping rate of 0.61 is reached by age 10. The cost of pupping in a given year is reflected in a 0.05 drop in the probability of pupping the following year. This cost is not evident in females over 7 years old, suggesting that postweaning condition affects newly mature females more than those that are fully mature. Annual adult reproductive rates ranged from 0.46 to 0.79, with a possible periodicity of 5 to 6 years. Simulations were conducted to determine the impact on reproductive estimates of sighting biases associated with seals having had at least one pup (Parous) or having pupped that season (With-Pup). Age at first reproduction as deduced from an age-specific pupping schedule is strongly affected by both forms of sighting bias, but bias in sighting Parous females was the more important. Estimates of adult reproduction were affected minimally. Comparisons of reproductive estimates with those of Weddell seals at Signy Island are discussed with regard to the effects of sighting biases.

Infrastructure, Accessibility and Growth in Tuscany: A Macroeconomic Impact Evaluation

2010 ◽  
pp. 75-100
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Francesco Gori ◽  
Patrizia Lattarulo ◽  
Renato Panicciŕ
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Regional Growth ◽  
Agglomeration Economies ◽  
Regional Mobility ◽  
Macroeconomic Impact ◽  
Productivity Differentials ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cost Of Transportation

The purpose of the paper is to assess the impact of the Regional Mobility and Logistic Plan (RMLP) of Tuscany on regional growth and spatial disparities between the Tuscan provinces. In order to evaluate its economic impact, we first quantify the impact in terms of changes in travel time and variations in the cost of transportation per unit of delivered output. We then make use of the Remi-Irpet model. The latter explains the agglomeration economies and productivity differentials. We find that, despite the fact that the RMLP does not solve the structural problem of mobility within Tuscany, it does make it possible to get rid of some potential constraints for long-term regional growth, even if the economic impact across the provinces is disequalizing.

Logistics Cost Dynamics in International Business: A Causal Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-495
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Kar ◽  
Pratyay Ranjan Datta
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Logistics Cost ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Causal Approach ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The cost of logistics plays a vital role in the pricing of goods in international trade. Besides, the recent imposition of additional tariff by even upper-middle income countries such as the USA, China etc., has led to an increase in the total landed cost of goods. However, a seller has no option but to adapt to changing tariff requirements and can articulate only the logistics cost to a certain extent. This aspect requires an understanding of the logistics cost dynamics in international business. Since a higher volume of goods moves by marine transportation, this study focusses on the same. In this article, authors have attempted to establish a statistically significant relationship between prices and other factors like fuel, number of vessels, freight, and weight value ratio. The paper introduces a logistics-coefficient to indicate the extent of integration of logistics activities to keep the total-landed-cost (TLC) unchanged. Finally, the author proposes the system dynamics model to study the impact of changes in any one or some or all these factors on the price of the product. This model will enable the global firm to decide the entry and exit in the market. JEL Codes: F23

Can Information on Cost Improve Clinicians' Behavior?: Lessons from Health Care Trials and Management

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Lowet ◽  
John M. Eisenberg
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Cost Information ◽  
Improved Outcomes ◽  
Practice Variations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

AbstractFacing intense price competition and societal pressures, health care provider organizations have focused increasingly on the cost-effectiveness of medical services. In instances when there is insufficient evidence that a more expensive treatment course generates improved outcomes, the lower cost option is often encouraged. Yet, with resource utilization still determined principally by individual physicians, large practice variations often persist. This paper reviews the literature and explores the impact of sharing cost information on physicians' practice patterns utilizing management theory concepts. More research should be conducted to determine long-term benefits of educational interventions, physicians' fundamental views on the relationship between cost and quality and its effect on their responsiveness to cost information, and the role of leadership in changing clinical behavior.

scholarly journals Risk in trustworthy digital repository audit and certification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca D. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Digital Preservation ◽  
Risk Identification ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Digital Repository ◽  
Organizational Governance ◽  
Digital Repositories ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Stakeholder Groups

AbstractRisk is a foundational concept in digital preservation. While it has been examined from technical, economic, and organizational perspectives, I argue that it is also a social phenomenon. In this study I report on the results from 42 interviews with stakeholders in the Trustworthy Repositories Audit & Certification (TRAC) system, and analysis of documents relating to the ISO 16363 standard in order to examine how standard developers, auditors, and repository staff members understand the concept of risk for digital repositories. The results of this research demonstrate that members of these three stakeholder groups identified risk in the TRAC audit and certification process in terms of specific potential threats or sources of risk, which I have organized into five main categories: finance, legal, organizational governance, repository processes, and technical infrastructure. While standard developers, auditors, and repository staff generally shared an understanding of the major sources of potential risk that face digital repositories, they disagreed about whether and how these risks can be mitigated and how mitigation can be proven. Individuals who were more removed from the day-to-day work of the repositories undergoing an audit were more likely to accept well-documented risk identification and mitigation strategies as sufficient evidence of trustworthiness, while repository staff were skeptical that documentation was sufficient evidence of risk assessment and mitigation and thus questioned whether this would translate to actual trustworthiness for long-term digital preservation.

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