Logistics Cost Dynamics in International Business: A Causal Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-495
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Kar ◽  
Pratyay Ranjan Datta
Keyword(s):  
International Business ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Logistics Cost ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Causal Approach ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The cost of logistics plays a vital role in the pricing of goods in international trade. Besides, the recent imposition of additional tariff by even upper-middle income countries such as the USA, China etc., has led to an increase in the total landed cost of goods. However, a seller has no option but to adapt to changing tariff requirements and can articulate only the logistics cost to a certain extent. This aspect requires an understanding of the logistics cost dynamics in international business. Since a higher volume of goods moves by marine transportation, this study focusses on the same. In this article, authors have attempted to establish a statistically significant relationship between prices and other factors like fuel, number of vessels, freight, and weight value ratio. The paper introduces a logistics-coefficient to indicate the extent of integration of logistics activities to keep the total-landed-cost (TLC) unchanged. Finally, the author proposes the system dynamics model to study the impact of changes in any one or some or all these factors on the price of the product. This model will enable the global firm to decide the entry and exit in the market. JEL Codes: F23

scholarly journals On discount rates for economic evaluations in global health

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Haacker ◽  
Timothy B Hallett ◽  
Rifat Atun
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Discount Rate ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Discount Rates ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Choices on discount rates have important implications for the outcomes of economic evaluations of health interventions and policies. In global health, such evaluations typically apply a discount rate of 3% for health outcomes and costs, mirroring guidance developed for high-income countries, notably the USA. The article investigates the suitability of these guidelines for global health [i.e. with a focus on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)] and seeks to identify best practice. Our analysis builds on an overview of the academic literature on discounting in health evaluations, existing academic or government-related guidelines on discounting, a review on discount rates applied in economic evaluations in global health, and cross-country macroeconomic data. The social discount rate generally applied in global health of 3% annually is inconsistent with rates of economic growth experienced outside the most advanced economies. For low- and lower-middle-income countries, a discount rate of at least 5% is more appropriate, and one around 4% for upper-middle-income countries. Alternative approaches—e.g. motivated by the returns to alternative investments or by the cost of financing—could usefully be applied, dependent on policy context. The current practise could lead to systematic bias towards over-valuing the future costs and health benefits of interventions. For health economic evaluations in global health, guidelines on discounting need to be adapted to take account of the different economic contexts of LMICs.

scholarly journals The Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis on Middle-income Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 001946622110238
Author(s):  
Sukti Dasgupta ◽  
Mauricio Dierckxsens ◽  
Sher Verick
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

Coming on top of long-term employment challenges, the COVID-19 crisis has severely impacted economies around the world. Due to the nature of their labour markets, middle-income countries (MICs), including India, have experienced greater employment declines than advanced economies. Some sectors have been hit harder than others, while certain groups—including women, youth, migrants and those in the informal economy—have felt the brunt of the crisis even more strongly. The crisis has raised unemployment and, even more, has also pushed many out of the labour force, raising inactivity. Overall, the crisis has exacerbated existing inequalities in countries and across countries. The major challenge for MICs is to finance the continuing efforts to battle the crisis while shifting to a job-rich and inclusive recovery. Key lessons have already emerged, which are relevant for India and other developing countries, including the importance of building a more resilient and inclusive labour market through strong institutions and policies. JEL Codes: E24, E60, G01, J08, J60

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of a Highly Scalable, Low-Cost Distributed Traffic Violation Enforcement System in Phuket, Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1210
Author(s):  
Somphop Limsoonthrakul ◽  
Matthew N. Dailey ◽  
Ramesh Marikhu ◽  
Vasan Timtong ◽  
Aphinya Chairat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Traffic Violation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Low And Middle Income

The number of global road traffic accidents is rising every year and remains undesirably high. One of the main reasons for this trend is that, in many countries, road users violate road safety regulations and traffic laws. Despite improvements in road safety legislation, enforcement is still a major challenge in low- and middle-income countries. Information technology solutions have emerged for automated traffic enforcement systems in the last decade. They have been tested on a small scale, but until now, the cost of deployment of these systems is generally too high for nation-wide adoption in low- and middle-income countries that need them the most. We present the architectural design of a traffic violation enforcement system that can optimize the cost of deployment and resource utilization. Based on the proposed architecture, we describe the implementation and deployment of the system, and perform a comparison of two different versions of the video-based enforcement system, one using classical computer vision methods and another using deep learning techniques. Finally, we analyze the impact of the system deployed in Phuket, Thailand from 2017 to the present in terms of local road users’ compliance and the road safety situation. We conclude that the system has had a positive impact on road safety in Phuket at a moderate cost.

scholarly journals Potential health and economic impacts of dexamethasone treatment for patients with COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Águas ◽  
◽  
Adam Mahdi ◽  
Rima Shretta ◽  
Peter Horby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Full Potential ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Exposure Levels ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDexamethasone can reduce mortality in hospitalised COVID-19 patients needing oxygen and ventilation by 18% and 36%, respectively. Here, we estimate the potential number of lives saved and life years gained if this treatment were to be rolled out in the UK and globally, as well as the cost-effectiveness of implementing this intervention. Assuming SARS-CoV-2 exposure levels of 5% to 15%, we estimate that, for the UK, approximately 12,000 (4,250 - 27,000) lives could be saved between July and December 2020. Assuming that dexamethasone has a similar effect size in settings where access to oxygen therapies is limited, this would translate into approximately 650,000 (240,000 - 1,400,000) lives saved globally over the same time period. If dexamethasone acts differently in these settings, the impact could be less than half of this value. To estimate the full potential of dexamethasone in the global fight against COVID-19, it is essential to perform clinical research in settings with limited access to oxygen and/or ventilators, for example in low- and middle-income countries.

The Impact of Covid 19 on Pregnant Women and Child Health

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1367-1373
Author(s):  
Nikhil Sanjay Mujbaile ◽  
Smita Damke
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Separation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Child Health ◽  
General Wellbeing

The Covid illness (COVID-19) pandemic has spread rapidly all through the world and has had a drawn-out impact. The Pandemic has done incredible damage to society and made genuine mental injury to numerous individuals. Mental emergencies frequently cause youngsters to deliver sentiments of relinquishment, despondency, insufficiency, and fatigue and even raise the danger of self-destruction. Youngsters with psychological instabilities are particularly powerless during the isolate and colonial removing period. Convenient and proper assurances are expected to forestall the event of mental and social issues. The rising advanced applications and wellbeing administrations, for example, telehealth, web-based media, versatile wellbeing, and far off intuitive online instruction can connect the social separation and backing mental and conduct wellbeing for youngsters. Because of the mental advancement qualities of youngsters, this investigation additionally outlines intercessions on the mental effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Further difficulties in Low Middle-Income Countries incorporate the failure to actualize successful general wellbeing estimates, for example, social separating, hand cleanliness, definitive distinguishing proof of contaminated individuals with self-disconnection and widespread utilization of covers The aberrant impacts of the Pandemic on youngster wellbeing are of extensive concern, including expanding neediness levels, upset tutoring, absence of admittance to the class taking care of plans, decreased admittance to wellbeing offices and breaks in inoculation and other kid wellbeing programs. Kept tutoring is critical for kids in Low Middle-Income Countries. Arrangement of safe situations is mainly testing in packed asset obliged schools. 

Defining Preterm Birth and Stillbirth in the Western Pacific: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 101053952110260
Author(s):  
Mairead Connolly ◽  
Laura Phung ◽  
Elise Farrington ◽  
Michelle J. L. Scoullar ◽  
Alyce N. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
National Level ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Western Pacific ◽  
World Health ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Preterm birth and stillbirth are important global perinatal health indicators. Definitions of these indicators can differ between countries, affecting comparability of preterm birth and stillbirth rates across countries. This study aimed to document national-level adherence to World Health Organization (WHO) definitions of preterm birth and stillbirth in the WHO Western Pacific region. A systematic search of government health websites and 4 electronic databases was conducted. Any official report or published study describing the national definition of preterm birth or stillbirth published between 2000 and 2020 was eligible for inclusion. A total of 58 data sources from 21 countries were identified. There was considerable variation in how preterm birth and stillbirth was defined across the region. The most frequently used lower gestational age threshold for viability of preterm birth was 28 weeks gestation (range 20-28 weeks), and stillbirth was most frequently classified from 20 weeks gestation (range 12-28 weeks). High-income countries more frequently used earlier gestational ages for preterm birth and stillbirth compared with low- to middle-income countries. The findings highlight the importance of clear, standardized, internationally comparable definitions for perinatal indicators. Further research is needed to determine the impact on regional preterm birth and stillbirth rates.

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