scholarly journals REFLEXIVITY IN THE STUDY OF WARFARE: IS THERE ADDED VALUE FOR THE DISCIPLINE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS?

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (4/2020) ◽  
pp. 99-121
Author(s):  
Srdjan Korac
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
First Century ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Civic Duty ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Standpoint Epistemology ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
The Military

The article examines whether reflectivist approach to epistemology in the study of warfare can amend some weaknesses of the rationalist/positivist canon of mainstream International Relations (IR) theories. The author argues for the existence of a new epistemic situation for the IR researcher: an ontological transformation of the military profession in post-industrial societies that has created a sacralised civic duty to fight in war. The research of warfare is becoming more focused on the individual – who is either a reluctant combatant or a civilian victimised by military operations, but protected by international norms. The author hypothesises that the advantages of reflectivist epistemological viewpoint – embracing standpoint epistemology, situated knowledge, the concept of embodiment, Cynthia Enloe’s claim that “the international is the personal” – may provide a plausible alternative path in the quest for an answer to the question of how we learn about warfare as the central problem of international relations. The analysis shows how reflectivism encourages researchers to identify new, previously “hidden” or marginalised questions and thus expand the scope of inquiry of mainstream IR. The author concludes that, when it comes to the study of warfare in the early twenty-first century, the largest contribution of reflectivist approach to epistemology of IR is in overcoming the shortcomings of the traditionally rigid mainstream epistemological framework of the discipline, providing the grounds for future counter-hegemonic actions.

Proportionality under Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello: Clarifying their Relationship

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphaël van Steenberghe
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Military Operation ◽  
Jus In Bello ◽  
Jus Ad Bellum ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
State Practice ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship

Proportionality is a condition provided under both jus ad bellum and jus in bello. Based on a particular interpretation of state practice and international case law, recent legal literature argues that the two notions of proportionality are interrelated in that proportionality under jus in bello is included in the assessment of proportionality under jus ad bellum. This article seeks to refute such a position and, more generally, to clarify the relationship between the two notions of proportionality.The main argument of the article is in line with the traditional position regarding the relationship between jus ad bellum and jus in bello. It is argued that, although sharing common features and being somewhat interconnected, the notions of proportionality provided under these two separate branches of international law remain independent of each other, mainly because of what is referred to in this article as the ‘general versus particular’ dichotomy, which characterises their relations. Proportionality under jus ad bellum is to be measured against the military operation as a whole, whereas proportionality under jus in bello is to be assessed against individual military attacks launched in the framework of this operation.This article nonetheless emphasises the risk of overlap between the assessments of the two notions of proportionality when the use of force involves only one or a few military operations. Indeed, in such situations, the ‘general versus particular’ dichotomy, which normally enables one to make a distinct assessment between the two notions of proportionality, is no longer applicable since it becomes impossible to distinguish between the military operation as a whole and the individual military attacks undertaken during this operation.

scholarly journals La Educación en Colombia: Arquetipo de Correspondencia con la Economía Global y de Mercado / Education in Colombia: Archetype Correspondence with the Global Economy and Market

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Luis Manuel Marrugo Fruto
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
First Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The Individual

Se busca dilucidar los principales hitos históricos de la educación colombiana en relación con las políticas de la economía global y de mercado, entre finales del siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XXI. Se mostrarán limitaciones y problemáticas heredadas por el sistema educativo en su propósito de funcionar como empresa, bajo las leyes de oferta y demanda, es decir, un sistema educativo con la convicción de formar un perfil de individuo y de sociedad como mano de obra, dócil, obediente y con competencias de calidad para el mercado laboral de lossistema – mundo postmodernos, en desmedro de una educación humanizada.Metodológicamente es producto de una revisión de tema. Como principal resultado se muestra la tendencia desde los inicios de la educación colombiana a corresponderse con el mercado laboral. Abstract.It seeks to elucidate the main historical landmarks of Colombian education in relation to the policies of the global economy and market, between the late nineteenth century and early twenty-first century.  Limitations and problems inherited by the educational system in order to operate as a company under the laws of supply and demand, a docile educational system with the conviction of forming a profile of the individual and society as labor, are displayed obediently and quality skills for the labor market system - postmodern world, at the expenses of a humanized education. Methodologically is the result of a review of subject. The main result shows the trend since the beginning of Colombian education to match the labor market.

The High Line

Transfers ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
Tracy Nichols Busch
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Natural World ◽  
First Century ◽  
Railroad Track ◽  
West Side ◽  
High Line ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
New Yorkers

An abandoned freight track on Manhattan’s West Side, considered by local businesses to be nothing more than an eyesore and an impediment to development, became the cause célèbre of New Yorkers in the early twenty-first century. Efforts to “save the High Line” resulted in one of the largest creations of public space in New York history. The 8.8 metertall High Line, which stretches 12 blocks between Ganesvoort Street and 20th Street, features both permanent and temporary art installations that inform visitors of their movement through space and its implication for the natural and constructed worlds. A post-industrial yearning for a more harmonious relationship between humans and the natural world can be detected in New Yorkers’ affection for the High Line. The elevated nature of this raised railroad track creates an ethereal and otherworldly sensation. The traffic below becomes an abstraction and pedestrians, always vulnerable on the streets, are lifted above the fray.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE AND PSYCHOLOGY OF THE LATE TWENTIETH-EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Articult ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Evgenia I. Vinogradova ◽  
◽  
Evgeny V. Kilimnik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Research ◽  
First Century ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article analyzes the work of Western and Russian scientists, conducted in the past three decades, on the relationship of psychology and architecture. It is shown that in the West, the neuropsychological aspects of the relationship of psychology and architecture are studied thanks to modern neurobiological equipment, while in Russia there is a clear gap between the representatives of neuroscience, their technical support, and the architectural scientific community. As a result of the analysis conducted in the article, it is concluded that two research blocks can be distinguished. The first of them highlights the relationship between the psyche of the viewer and architecture. This may include research, both revealing the features of the perception of objects, and the influence of an architectural object on the viewer. Another block of research is connected with the psyche of the architect: and here the features of the design process itself are examined, as well as the influence of the personality of the architect on the features of the architectural object. It is concluded that the topic of reflecting the individual or individually-typological psychological characteristics of the personality of an architect in a specific architectural work remains undeveloped both in the West and in Russia, although it is extremely relevant today.

Part 1 The Cold War Era (1945–89), 16 The Yom Kippur War—1973

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dubuisson François ◽  
Koutroulis Vaios
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Yom Kippur War ◽  
Specific Incident ◽  
Arab States ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Military

This contribution discusses the hostilities that opposed Israel against Egypt, Syria and the armed forces of other Arab states, which took place in October 1973. After setting out the context of this confrontation, which is directly linked to the 1967 Six Days War, it presents the legal positions of the main protagonists (Israel, Egypt, Syria) as well as those of third states and international organizations. The third section examines the legality of this resort to force under jus ad bellum and concludes that the military operations on behalf of the Arab states can be justified as an exercise of the right to self-defence. Finally, the conclusions discuss the limited precedential value of this specific incident with respect to the interpretation of the prohibition to use force in international relations.

Retirement Day

2019 ◽  
pp. 291-303
Author(s):  
Andrew Marble
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Partnership For Peace ◽  
Civil Military Relations ◽  
Us Military ◽  
The Us ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
Operations Other Than War ◽  
Historic Change ◽  
The Military

The chapter is set at Fort Myer, Virginia, on September 30, 1997, the day General John Shalikashvili retired from the US military. The chapter overviews the retirement ceremony from Shalikashvili’s perspective as he reviews the honor guard with President William J. Clinton and Secretary of Defense William Cohen and thinks back to that night when he first laid eyes on US soldiers in Pappenheim and the role that luck has played in his attaining the American dream. The chapter also thumbnails his accomplishments as chairman: (1) confronting historic change, especially by realizing Partnership for Peace and NATO expansion, (2) was more supportive of non-traditional military missions (military operations other than war, MOOTW), (3) prepared the US military for the challenges of the twenty-first century, particularly by downsizing the military yet upgrading their capability and readiness, including by emphasizing joint education, joint planning, and joint training, and (4) rebalanced civil-military relations. The chapter ends with Shalikashvili’s closing remarks, emphasizing his love for soldiers and their families.

Wartime Is Peacetime: Undeclared Armed Conflict in the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Teles Fazendeiro
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Four Books ◽  
One Step ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Military

Abstract War has increasingly concealed itself by way of euphemism and undeclared armed conflict, a practice that has unsettled the distinction between wartime and peacetime. Each of the four books reviewed herein touches upon this topic, either directly or indirectly. Carson addresses the features of and reasons for covert operations over the course of the twentieth century, focusing on concerted concerns over the risk of escalation. Hoffman and Weiss investigate the evolution of the mainstay commitment to humanitarianism in the international arena, and the extent to which it has become increasingly attached to security. Fazal largely agrees with this conclusion, but takes it one step further. She persuasively shows how the proliferation of international humanitarian law led to a decrease in formal declarations of war among states, a practice that contributed to semantic confusion as well as to the growing use of euphemism to account for armed conflict. Schadlow argues consistently for greater conceptual and practical links between war and postconflict governance, pointing, among other things, to how ill-conceived strategy regarding the broader meaning of war leads to unsuccessful military operations. The review essay subsequently links this common thread—particularly the concealed types of warfare, the use of euphemism, and limited conceptions of armed conflict—to ongoing debates on wartime and peacetime and their relationship to the international order. Overall, the international order's specific setup in conjunction with how war is no longer explicitly recognized or declared has resulted in a division of labor among the military, technocrats, and the police. This division of labor has in turn unsettled the traditional distinction between peacetime and wartime to the effect that the latter is no longer explicitly acknowledged.

scholarly journals Warfare Ecology Approaches in Issues of Military Operations

Hadmérnök ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
György Leskó
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Military Operation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
National Defence

The fulfilment of environmental protection requirements and social expectations has become a requirement in the field of military operations as well. Impacts that threaten the ecosystems increasingly occur during the activities of the armed forces and military operations. A recently created new field of science, the ecology of warfare, investigates the military, the support systems for the armed forces and national defence, and their relation to the environment as living systems above the level of the individual (like human ecology). Ecology of warfare examines habitats, the relationship between organisms and the environment in the military field. The capability-based, mission-based, coordinated (target, place and time) ability to use military forces has an impact on the ecology. The analysis of the place and role of military operations from the perspective of the ecology of warfare is an important, timely issue. In the study, the author analyses the tasks required for planning, organising and conducting a military operation and their relationship to environmental protection.

scholarly journals The Destinies of German-Born People in Russia at the Turn of the Millennium

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Thorvaldsen
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
First Century ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The People ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Military

This article studies the stories of Russian citizens who were born in Germany but reside in Russia. Most of them had relocated to Russia as a result of the withdrawal of Russian troops from Germany after 1990. Analysing individual data from the 2002 and 2010 censuses, the author traces the lives of children born into the families of Soviet military men based in East Germany after World War II. Over 140,000 such migrants can be found in the 2002 census, far more than from any other country that was not part of the Soviet Union. Repatriation was accomplished from 1991 to 1994; and even though Germany financed part of the operation, it was necessary to solve the problems of accommodation and employment of the military men and their families locally. As a result of the study, the author manages to determine the territories inhabited by Russians born in Germany in the early twenty-first century. The number of people among them who speak foreign languages and have post-secondary education is higher than average, which testifies to the fact that the joint effort of the two countries was more beneficial for the future of the people born in Germany than might have been expected. The competence and education they acquired, together with the social networks between those repatriated, added significantly to their human capital and their contributions to Russian society.

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