scholarly journals Evaluación de la morfometría de pellets como método de categorización de sexos y edades en venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus mexicanus) en Puebla, México.

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela A. Camargo–Sanabria ◽  
Salvador Mandujano
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fuzzy Classification ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Unreliable Method ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Age And Sex

Resumen: Tanto desde una perspectiva ecológica como de manejo, es importante conocer la proporción de sexos y la estructura de edades de las poblaciones de venado cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus). Sin embargo, en aquellos lugares donde no es posible ver directamente a los animales en vida libre, no es sencillo determinar su edad y sexo por lo que se han empleado métodos indirectos como el análisis morfométrico de los pellets. Con el fin de determinar si la variación entre pellets de individuos de diferentes edades y sexo permite su correcta categorización, se colectaron los grupos fecales de individuos conocidos en cautiverio en la UMA-Zoológico Flor del Bosque, Puebla. Se obtuvieron 180 muestras de las cuales 18 fueron de crías (< 1 año), 78 de juveniles (2-3 años) y 84 de adultos (> 3 años). Se comparó el promedio de todas las variables morfométricas entre grupos fecales de un mismo individuo y entre individuos de la misma clase de edad y sexo. Nuestros resultados sugieren que dada la alta variación presentada en las medidas morfométricas de los pellets de un mismo individuo en una misma época y entre épocas del año, y la baja variación mostrada entre grupos fecales de individuos de diferentes clases de edad y sexo, el análisis morfométrico de pellets es una metodología poco confiable para determinar la estructura de edad y sexo de una población de O. v. mexicanus. En consecuencia, la técnica de clasificación fuzzy no logra una categorización adecuada de la población en estudio pues sólo separa a los machos adultos de 5 y 6 años, mientras que los machos de menor edad y juveniles, así como hembras adultas y juveniles no son discriminados en clases separadas. Se sugiere realizar análisis similares a este con otras subespecies de venado que no exhiban un fuerte dimorfismo sexual como aquellas distribuidas hacia el centro y sur de México. Palabras clave: estructura de edades, método indirecto, pellets, técnica fuzzy, Odocoileus  virginianus.Abstract: Both from an ecological perspective as management, it is important to know the sex ratio and age structure of populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). However, in places where you can not directly see the animals in the wild is not easy to determine their age and sex so indirect methods have been used as a morphometric analysis of the pellets. To determine whether the variation between pellets of individuals of different age and sex allows proper categorization, fecal groups were collected from known individuals in captivity in the Zoo UMA-Flor del Bosque, Puebla. We obtained 180 samples of which 18 were young (<1 year), 78 juveniles (2-3 years) and 84 adults (> 3 years). We compared the average for all morphometric variables between groups fecal same individual and between individuals of the same age class and sex. Our results suggest that given the high variation shown in the body measures of the pellets from the same individual in the same season and between seasons, and low fecal variation shown between groups of individuals of different age classes and sex, analysis morphometry of pellets is an unreliable method to determine the age and sex structure of a population of O. v. mexicanus. Consequently, the fuzzy classification technique does not achieve appropriate categorization of the study population because only separates adult males of 5 and 6 years, while younger males and juveniles and adult females and juveniles are not discriminated against in separate classes. Similar analysis suggested this to other subspecies of deer that do not exhibit strong sexual dimorphism as those distributed to the central and southern Mexico.Key words: Structure of ages, indirect method, pellets, technology fuzzy, Odocoileus  virginianus.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Hunting Methods and the Sex, Age and Body Mass of Wild Boar Sus scrofa

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2345
Author(s):  
Robert Kamieniarz ◽  
Łukasz Jankowiak ◽  
Martyna Fratczak ◽  
Marek Panek ◽  
Janusz Wojtczak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Increases in the wild boar Sus scrofa population create many conflicts that must be managed, especially because hunting represents a major cause of mortality in this game species. However, hunting effort is not distributed randomly and is influenced by many factors, including hunting methods. This can be especially important in understanding the nature of hunting pressure for both theoretical (ecological and evolutionary) and applied reasons (for management purposes, especially during infectious diseases, for example, African swine fever, outbreaks). We analyzed hunting data from the survey area in Western Poland from the years 1965–2016. In this period a total of 2335 wild boar were culled using two hunting methods: by individual hunters (43.8%) and by teams of hunters (52.0%). During the study period, the number of wild boars increased significantly but in a non-linear manner. More adult males and yearlings of both sexes were shot during individual hunts; more adult females were culled during team hunting. Moreover, the body mass of culled wild boars was positively influenced by the distance to a forest and during the team hunts heavier females and males were shot. To effectively control populations of wild boars, programs to reduce the number of individuals should be better planned and ensure the maintenance of proper age- and sex structure in the wild boar population.

Observations on Activity Patterns, Population and Den Characteristics of The Water Rat Hydromys chrysogaster Along Badger Creek, Victoria.

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
J.L. Gardner ◽  
M. Serena
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Irrigation Channels ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Hydromys Chrysogaster

The Water Rat Hydromys chrysogaster is Australia&apos;s largest amphibious rodent, occupying freshwater rivers, lakes, and coastal and estuarine habitats throughout the continent (Watts and Aslin 1981). Little is known of the species&apos; social organisation or use of space in the wild although Harris (1978) suggested that adults might be intrasexually aggressive. The home ranges of all sex and age classes overlap to some extent but home ranges of adults of the same sex appear to overlap less (Harris 1978). Adult males occupy the largest home ranges which overlap those of one or more females. In captivity individuals kept in groups form hierarchies in which only the dominant females usually breed successfully (Olsen 1982). Fighting occurs primarily among males, with the highest incidence of injuries observed at the beginning of the main September-March breeding season (Olsen 1980, 1982). The results of trapping studies indicate that population density may vary considerably, with the greatest numbers of animals typically occupying man-modified habitats such as irrigation channels or fish farms (McNally 1960, Watts and Aslin 1981, Smales 1984). Aggressive behaviour appears to be related to pelage colour (phenotype) and population density; the higher the density the greater the number of injured individuals (Olsen 1980).

scholarly journals Basal Metabolic Rate Declines During Long-Distance Migratory Flight in Great Knots

The Condor ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 838-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil F. Battley ◽  
Anne Dekinga ◽  
Maurine W. Dietz ◽  
Theunis Piersma ◽  
Sixian Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Migratory Flight ◽  
Before And After ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Para Determinar

Abstract Great Knots (Calidris tenuirostris) make one of the longest migratory flights in the avian world, flying almost 5500 km from Australia to China during northward migration. We measured basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body composition in birds before and after this flight and found that BMR decreased 42%. The mass-specific BMR based on lean mass decreased 33%. We also starved a group of pre-migratory Great Knots in captivity to determine whether they showed the same reduction in BMR without having undergone the hard work of flight. The captive birds showed a similar range and reduction of BMR values as the wild birds. Exponents of relationships between BMR and body mass in different comparisons were high, indicating large changes in BMR as a function of body mass. Analysis of the body composition of ten wild and three captive birds found that the flight muscle mass and intestine mass positively correlated with BMR. La Tasa Metabolica Basal Disminuye durante Vuelos Migratorios de Larga Distancia en Calidris tenuirostris Resumen. Calidris tenuirostris realiza uno de los vuelos migratorios más largos entre las aves, volando desde Australia hasta China durante la migración al norte. Medimos la tasa metabólica basal (TMB) y la composición corporal en aves antes y después del vuelo y encontramos que TMB se reduce en 42%. La TMB específica por masa, o sea la TMB corregida por masa magra, se redujo en 33%. También expusimos un grupo premigratorio de Calidris tenuirostris a un periodo de ayuno en cautiverio, para determinar si mostraban una tasa de reducción similar en la TMB sin haber soportado la dura tarea de volar. Las aves en cautiverio mostraron un rango y una reducción de los valores de la TMB similares a los de las aves en libertad. Los exponentes de la relación entre TMB y masa corporal en diferentes comparaciones fueron altos, indicando grandes cambios de la TMB en función de la masa corporal. El análisis de la composición corporal de diez aves libres y tres en cautiverio mostró que la masa de los músculos del vuelo y la masa de los intestinos esta positivamente correlacionada con la TMB.

Behavioural context and possible function of scent marking by cheek rubbing in the red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus)

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1650-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Ferron ◽  
Jean-Pierre Ouellet
Keyword(s):  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Scent Marking ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Tamiasciurus Hudsonicus ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Resting Sites ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Marking Behaviour

A contextual analysis of scent marking by cheek rubbing in wild red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), based on the study of behavioural time budgets and sequences, is presented. Scent-marking rates do not differ significantly between adult males and females. Comparison of the relative frequency of occurrence of each behaviour pattern in a scent-marking context with the relative frequency of these patterns in all other contexts reveals that locomotion, alertness, grooming, food carrying, and gnawing have a higher probability of occurrence when there is cheek rubbing. These results concur with earlier findings in captivity. Contextual analysis in the wild clearly indicates low association of cheek rubbing with social context and greater use of this behaviour at grooming and resting sites and along the path used by the marking animal. This suggests that cheek rubbing is mainly self-oriented to maintain the animal's familiarity with its home range. This scent-marking behaviour may also be used to advertise occupancy of a given territory to conspecifics.

Variation and heritability in egg size of the northern pintail

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 992-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Egg Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Laying Date ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Significant Heritability ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Sources Of Variation

Sources of variation in the egg size of wild and captive northern pintails (Anas acuta) were examined in southern Alberta. Egg size, estimated by volume index (length × breadth2), was strongly correlated with weight of the fresh egg (r2 = 0.89) and weight of the 1-day-old duckling (r2 = 0.89). The body weight of pintail hens was weakly correlated with their egg size in the wild (r2 = 0.11) but was not correlated with egg size in captivity. Captive birds fed a 29% protein diet laid larger eggs than did those fed a 14% protein diet and egg size increased from first to second clutches in birds maintained on a constant diet. Egg size was not related to laying date or clutch size, and did not differ between adults and yearlings. Individual hens tended to lay eggs of a consistent size but there was no significant heritability for egg size.

The quantitative effects of population density and winter weather on the body condition of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Nova Scotia, Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (9) ◽  
pp. 1246-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin J Garroway ◽  
Hugh G Broders
Keyword(s):  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Winter Weather ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Deer Density ◽  
Effects Of Density

Understanding the underlying mechanisms that cause variation in survival and the reproductive success of animals is essential for predicting variation in population parameters. To gain an understanding of the effects of density and winter weather severity on white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780), we examined the effects of current-year deer density and cumulative weekly average values for snow depth, rainfall, and the number of degrees below –15 °C until the time of death, as well as cumulative effects of density and snow depth over the previous one and two winters, on the body condition of adult females, adult males, and fawns. Model selection using Akaike's Information Criterion and multi-model inference suggested that snow depth was the best predictor of body condition for all three age/sex groups. Winter rainfall was the next most influential predictor for adult females and adult males but was not important in determining fawn body condition. Temperature had the least influence on the body condition of all three age/sex groups. Deer density during the winter of death had minimal effects for all groups and we found no evidence that cumulative multiyear variables influenced body condition. We hypothesize that cohort variation may better explain previous findings showing effects of multiyear variables. A model for estimating the proportion of animals in poor body condition for each age/sex group is presented.

scholarly journals Further experiments upon the blood volume of mammals and its relation to the surface area of the body

1912 ◽  
Vol 84 (574) ◽  
pp. 460-461
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
The Body ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Rats ◽  
Natural Life

In a previous paper dealing with the blood volume of mammals kept in captivity, such as tame rabbits, guinea-pigs, and mice, we have shown that the blood volume is a function of the surface, and can be expressed by the formula B = W 2/3 / k , where B is the blood volume in cubic centimetres, W the weight of the animal in grammes, and k a constant calculated from the experiments, and varying for each species of animal. In the present paper we have extended our observations upon the blood volume to animals living a natural life in the wild condition, such as hares, wild rabbits, and wild rats. The technique employed was exactly the same as in our previous paper.

Battles for mates and food: Intraspecific combat in island tigersnakes (Notechis ater) from southern Australia

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shine ◽  
M. Firmage
Keyword(s):  
Interference Competition ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Island Populations ◽  
The Social ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Prey Resources ◽  
Large Adult

AbstractMale-male combat occurs in mainland populations of tigersnakes (Notechis scutatus), but authorities have disagreed as to whether or not this behaviour also occurs in island tigersnakes (Notechis ater). In this paper, we confirm that intraspecific combat frequently occurs between island tigersnakes maintained in captivity. Two different kinds of combat bouts were observed. We interpret the first type (ritualised "wrestling" matches between large adult males) as a reflection of sexual competition. This behaviour was seen in snakes from each of the island populations investigated, including Tasmania. Agonistic behaviour was exhibited by females and juveniles as well as by adult males: however, this second type of combat was always initiated by the introduction of food items to the enclosure, and incorporated vigorous biting as well as (or instead of) wrestling. Further observations, in the field as well as in captivity, are needed before we can interpret the functional significance of this behaviour. The food-induced combat may be an artifact of high densities of captive snakes, or alternatively may be exhibited in the wild also. We speculate that the high abundance of tigersnakes on some islands, and the highly clumped nature of prey resources (e.g. muttonbird chicks) in both space and time, may have favoured direct interference competition for prey items between island tigersnakes. If so, some elements of the social system of island tigersnakes may resemble the condition seen in many lizard species, rather than in other snakes.

scholarly journals ANÁLISE COMPORTAMENTAL DE JABUTIS EM CATIVEIRO

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jose Carlos Perez da CONCEIÇÃO ◽  
Vanessa Veronese ORTUNHO
Keyword(s):  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Hard Shell ◽  
Ad Libitum

O jabuti é um animal selvagem cuja principal característica é o corpo coberto por uma carapaça dura onde consegue recolher seus membros e cabeça, é de difícil acesso na natureza, porém facilmente encontrados em cativeiro. O objetivo do estudo foi ter realizada a análise comportamental em cativeiro desses quelônios, Geochelone Carbonaria e Geochelone Denticulata, foram coletadas, aproximadamente, 36 horas de observações distribuídas em métodos de Ad Libitum e Scan. O presente estudo foi realizado no Aquário Municipal de Santa Fé do Sul-SP e incluía jabutis com idades aproximadas de 10 a 30 anos A metodologia que foi utilizada é o estudo de caso comportamental. O grupo de animais observados encontra-se no Aquário Municipal de Santa Fé do Sul no estado de São Paulo. São 44 animais, dos quais 23 são fêmeas, o resultado da pesquisa concluiu que os espécimes encontrados em vida livre apresentam comportamento mais ativo se comparado aos espécimes estudados em cativeiro, pois estes não recebem estímulos físicos e mentais que resultam em uma menor porcentagem do tempo gasto em atividades.   BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF TORTOISES IN CAPTIVITY   ABSTRACT The tortoise is a wild animal whose main characteristic is the body covered by a hard shell where it can have their limbs and head retracted into, it is difficult to be found in nature, but it is easily found in captivity. The aim of the study was to analyze the behavior of these chelonians in captivity. Geochelonecarbonaria and Geochelononedenticulata, were collected and observed for a period of approximately 36 hours distributed in Ad Libitum and Scan methods.  The present study was conducted at the Municipal Aquarium of Santa Fé do Sul-SP and included tortoises with ages ranging from 10 to 30 years old. The methodology that was used is the behavioral case study. The group of animals observed is housed in the Municipal Aquarium of Santa Fé do Sul in the state of São Paulo. There are 44 animals, 23 of them being females. The conclusion of the research was that the specimens found in the wild present a more active behavior when compared to the specimens studied in captivity, because they do not receive physical and mental stimuli, which results in a lower percentage of time spent in activities.   Keywords: Analysis, Behavior, Captivity, Tortoise.

Size-At-Age Variability and Sexual Dimorphism of Morphometric Characteristics in the Late Ontogenesis of the Marsh Frog, Pelophylax Ridibundus (Anura, Ranidae), from Terrytory of Crimea

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
V. N. Peskov ◽  
N. A. Petrenko ◽  
V. Yu. Reminnyi
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Marsh Frog ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Size At Age ◽  
Linear Body

Abstract We study size-at-age and sexual variability of morphometric characteristics of the marsh frog. According to the size of the body, males were divided into three size-age groups (juvenis, subadultus, adultus), females — into four groups (juvenis, subadultus, adultus, adultus-I). We found that the chronological age of frogs (skeletochronology) does not always correspond to their biological age (size and proportions of the body). We noted that the semi-adult males are reliably larger than females by mean values of 26 studied morphometric characters. Males and females of “adultus” group do not differ by linear body size, significant differences were found in body proportions (7 characters). For the females of “adultus-I” group, the mean values of 26 characters are significantly larger than for “adultus” males. The results of our study showed that with the age of the marsh frog, the level of exhibition, directionality and structure of morphometric sex differences changes.

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