scholarly journals Boundaries of Realism: Terminology Issues

2021 ◽  
pp. 92-100
Author(s):  
Ol'ga Kalugina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Religious Philosophy ◽  
Early Application ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
Plastic Arts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The major objective of this publication is to trace the formation of the term “realism” both in the plastic arts and European artistic culture in general. The need for such an analysis is determined by the current terminology applied to various phenomena in the history of European art, which results in a large degree of ambiguity with respect to the conceptual range. Although the origins of the concept “realism” date back to the scholastic religious philosophy of the Middle Ages, its application in Art Studies has entirely different backgrounds and can actually be traced back to the middle of the 19th century. As far as the Western European art is concerned, this concept is first used with respect to the artistic works by Courbet. In the history of the Russian Art in general and art criticism in particular, the term is commonly used with reference to the emergence and development of the “Natural School” literary movement. At the same time, a thorough analysis of, inter alia, the epistolary and artistic-critical legacy of the leading figures of the Russian culture in the middle and the second half of the 19th century, such as Belinsky, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Stasov, and others, explicitly reveals a rather early application of this term, but mainly in the field of literary rather than artistic criticism. This situation can be explained by the total predominance of literary centrism in the 19th century Russian Art, which, in its turn, was determined by the specific aspects of our country’s social and political development. The explicit translation of this concept into the plastic arts domain was at the same time associated with the use of terminological qualifiers such as “critical”, “didactic”, and “socialist” with respect to the word realism, which resulted in even greater conceptual ambiguity. There is no doubt that the analysis of historical formation and that of characteristics of the figurative-plastic system of realism as a creative method should finally be subject to a comprehensive review, which can allow avoiding its excessively broad terminological interpretation.

scholarly journals The Oromo national memories

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-516
Author(s):  
A. Kumsa
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
National Memory ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability ◽  
City State ◽  
The 19Th Century

The author defines nation as a territorial community of nativity and attributes significance to the biological fact of birth into the historically evolving territorial structure of the cultural community of nation, which allows to consider nation as a form of kinship. Nation differs from other territorial communities such as tribe, city-state or various ‘ethnic groups’ not just by the greater extent of its territory, but also by a relatively uniform culture that provides stability over time [22. P. 7]. According to the historical-linguistic comparative studies, “in terms of the history of mankind it is incontrovertible that some of the earliest and greatest human achievements have been accomplished in civilizations founded and headed by Afro-Asiatic peoples” [28. P. 74]. The Oromo people is one of the oldest nations in the world with its own territory (Oromia) and language ( Afaan Oromoo ). The Oromo possess a common political culture ( Gadaa democracy) and pursue one national-political goal of independence to get rid of the Abyssinian colonialism. Oromo national memories consist of memories of independence and national heroism, memories of the long war against expansionist Abyssinian warlords and the Abyssinian invasion of the Oromo land in the 19th century with the new firearms received from the African co-colonizing Western European powers, and these weapons were used not only to conquer the Oromo land but to cut the Oromo population in half. The Oromo nation consider the colonization of their country, loss of their independence, and existence under the brutal colonial rule of Abyssinia to be the worst humiliation period in their national history. The article consists of two parts. In the first part, the author considers the theoretical background of such concepts as nation, national memory, conquest humiliation, and some colonial pejorative terms still used by colonial-minded writers (like tribe and ethnic groups). In the second part, the author describes the Oromo national political and social memories during their long history as an independent nation from the Middle-Ages to the last quarter of the 19th century; presents ‘the Oromo question’ through the prism of the global history of colonization, occupation of their territory, slavery, and the colonial humiliation of the Oromo nation by the most cruel and oppressive Abyssinian colonial system; presents the two last regimes of the Abyssinian system and the final phase of the Oromo National Movement for sovereignty, dignity, and peace, which contributed greatly to the stability in the Horn of Africa.

scholarly journals THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LEGAL AND REGULATORY LEGISLATION ON PRESERVATION OF HEALTH IN QUARANTINE CONDITIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 465-468
Author(s):  
Oksana Shukatka ◽  
Illya Kryvoruchko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
First World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First World

The article raises an issue of preservation and strengthening health in pandemic conditions, because self-isolation and restrictions on the movement of people cause the loss of physical activity and the emergence of chronic diseases. It is known that all quarantine restrictions and rules are being created and regulated by the state at the legislative level. We appeal to the primary sources of quarantine legislation for deeper understanding of the issue. The purpose of the article is to investigate the historical background of legal and regulatory legislation on preservation of health in quarantine conditions. The following methods of analysis have been used: comparison and synthesis of theoretical data. The period of formation of quarantine legislation is divided into 3 phases: the period of the Middle Ages, the period before the First World War (the 19th century) and the postwar period. The article investigates the history of conduction of the first quarantine measures in Europe during the Middle Ages and the history of creation of the first quarantine legislation in Venice, Hetmanshchyna and the Russian Empire during the 14th – 18th centuries. It has been revealed that the rules of the fight against the spread of epidemiological diseases were established in the 19th century, the first international sanitary conventions and medical authorities in the Russian and Ottoman Empires were created to slow the spread of such dangerous diseases as cholera, plague and yellow fever, not harming the free international trade at that time. The article analyses the results of the first (1851), the fourth (1874) and the seventh (1892) International Sanitary Conferences and the positive and negative consequences of them. It also describes the creation of the first international medical organisations, such as the Office International d'Hygiène Publique (L'Office International d'Hygiene Publique), established in 1907, the Health Organization of the League of Nations, established in 1923 after the First World War, the Hygiene Committee of the League of Nations, established in 1926, and the World Health Organisation (WHO), established in April, 7, 1948 as the medical authority of the United Nations Organisation. The article generalizes the aims of the above-mentioned organisations and their contribution to the combat against the epidemiological diseases of the first half of the 20th century. It has been concluded that we should adhere to the classical principles of the preservation of health in the conditions of coronavirus pandemic to effectively withstand the spread of this virus.

scholarly journals Quarantine as a tool of epidemic fight

2020 ◽  
pp. 180-195
Author(s):  
Renata E. Paliga
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Epidemiological Tool ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Economic Balance ◽  
The 19Th Century

Until the 19th century, the factor causing epidemics was not known, and the escape from a place where it occurred as well as isolation of patients was considered to be the only effective way to avoid illness and death. Quarantine in a sense similar to modern times was used in 1377 in Ragusa, today’s Dubrovnik, during the plague epidemic. It was the first administratively imposed procedure in the world’s history. It was later used in Venice and other rich port cities in the Mediterranean. On the territory of today’s Poland, quarantine measures were used by the so-called Mayor of the Air – LukaszDrewno in 1623 during the plague epidemic in Warsaw. The quarantine left its mark on all areas of human activity. It affected all humanity in a way that is underestimated today. Throughout history, it has been described and presented visually. It is omnipresent in the world literature, art and philosophy. However, the isolation and closure of cities, limiting trade, had an impact on the economic balance, and the dilemma between the choice of inhabitants’ health and the quality of existence, i.e. their wealth, has been the subject of discussions since the Middle Ages. Since the end of the 19th century, quarantine has lost its practical meaning. The discovery of bacteria and a huge development of medical and social sciences allowed limiting its range. In the 20th century isolation and quarantine no longer had a global range, because the ability to identify factors causing the epidemic, knowledge about the incubation period, carrier, infectiousness, enabled the rational determination of its duration and territorial range. The modern SARS COV 2 pandemic has resulted in a global quarantine on a scale unprecedented for at least three hundred years. The aim of this paper is to present the history of quarantine from its beginning to the present day, including its usefulness as an epidemiological tool.

scholarly journals History of Dermatology and Venereology in Serbia - Part I: Medieval Dermatovenereology / Istorija Dermatovenerologije U Srbiji - I Deo: Srednjovekovna Dermatovenerologija

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45
Author(s):  
Bosiljka M. Lalević-Vasić ◽  
Branko Bobić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Ground Glass ◽  
Scientific Medicine ◽  
Body Hair ◽  
Medieval Medicine ◽  
History Of Dermatology ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract Medieval medicine in Serbia used to be the scientific medicine of that time. It included dermatology and venereology, which developed into an independent discipline in the second half of the 19th century. The most relevant sources for studying dermatology and venereology are Serbian medieval medical and therapeutic codices. The terms used in the manuscripts report about the diseases people in Serbia suffered from and were treated for in the Middle Ages. The following diseases were reported: scabies, leprosy, fungal scalp infections, as well as psoriasis, crusts (pyococcal ulcers), granulation, baldness, excessive body hair, leg wounds and old wounds, facial spots, unspecified skin diseases, urethritis and syphilis. Special attention was also given to cosmetics. Topical remedies were applied - various herbs, sulphur, mercury, tar, pyrethrum, plasters, ground glass, auripigment - in the form of a powder, liniment, ointment or plaster.

Western Aesthetics

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter studies the development and basic ideas of Western aesthetic thoughts by reviewing the aesthetic history of ancient Greece and the Middle Ages and by investigating the modern and contemporary aesthetics. It initially discusses the dominant classical Greek aesthetics, the medieval aesthetics, the 19th century aesthetics, and finally the modern aesthetics. The chapter finds that while the history of aesthetics is marked by countless schools of thoughts, only a few people of rare talent have made significant contribution to the entire human civilization through their aesthetic theories and ideas.

scholarly journals THE ARTIST A. N. MOKRITSKY IN ITALY IN THE 1840S: LANDSCAPE ART EXPERIENCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 289-299
Author(s):  
Elena A. Sharova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
Landscape Art ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Art Works ◽  
History Of ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Art Schools

The paper explores the art works of A. N. Mokritsky, the painter who lived in Italy in the 1840s and had a strong passion for landscape painting. Being taught by A. G. Venecianov first and then graduating from the Imperial Academy of Arts under K. P. Bryullov, he himself followed the path of teaching and became an outstanding person in the Russian Art History of the second third of the 19th century. Mokritsky came to be known as a painter of an average talent who didn’t leave a distinctive mark on the national art. However, it was him who as a presumable representative of the artistic milieu became an indicator of the changes taking place in this art environment. The article provides a picture of years Mokritsky spent in Italy which is the most important period of his professional development and a prominent time of the Roman colony of the Russian artists as well. The author considers the artist’s close interaction not only with members of the Russian colony in Rome, but also with representatives of European art schools. Involving of archival materials and literary sources allowed to substantially supplement information about the life and work of Mokritsky during his trip abroad. Upon analysis of a significantly expanded list of landscape works created by the artist in this period, the author identified a number of characteristic features of the Italian landscape of the 40s of the 19th century taking into account the works of other painters.

scholarly journals Cenzura polityczna wobec karykatury. Doświadczenia francuskie II połowy XVIII i pierwszej połowy XIX wieku. Przyczynek do walki o wolność słowa

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-293
Author(s):  
Jacek Sobczak
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Artistic Expression ◽  
Characteristic Element ◽  
Similar Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Middle Ages

Caricature is one of the forms of artistic expression and it has a similar role to satire. Consequently, some people consider caricature to be one of the forms of satire. Caricature has its origins in ancient times. The history of caricature is illustrated by political changes that civilization experienced. The administrative authorities attempted to fight caricature in numerous countries and France was one of them. This process is a part of the history of censorship that began in Roman times. Afterwards, it developed further during the Christian period of the Middle Ages until the 19th century. Unfortunately, this procedure is present in certain areas even today. The most interesting solutions were the ones adoptedin France. Moreover, it is worth noting that the phenomenon of institutionalization of censorship was not the only characteristic element in France. There were also censorship bodies present in the country despite the formal constitutional declarations of freedom of speech.

scholarly journals History of studying the kidney pathology in the mirror of numismatics. Report 2. Development of nephrology

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-75
Author(s):  
O.V. Syniachenko ◽  
M.O. Kolesnyk ◽  
N.M. Stepanova ◽  
M.V. Iermolaieva
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Historical Science ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century

The branch of historical science of numismatics (from the Latin "numisma" - coin) originated in the 19th century and became closely connected with economics, politics, culture and law, it includes a thematic study of coins, medals and plaque. Best of all, the history of uronephrology is illustrated by various forms of medalist educational art (exonum or paranumismatics), and the medal became the prototype of the memorial coin. This work presents a catalog of more than 400 numismatic materials (including some unique, first cited), reflects the stages of development of the study of the structure and function of the kidneys, methods for diagnosing and treating diseases, there are links to significant historical events, brief biographies of physicians who have made an invaluable contribution are mentioned into the formation of this scientific discipline. The work presents a role in the origin of the study of kidney and urinary tract diseases of ancient physicians (Aretea, Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates, Rufus, Sushruta, Empedocles) and doctors of the Middle Ages (Avicenna, Da Carpi, Panaskerteli, Paracelsus, Sun Simiao).

The Yakupoğlu Konak: An Old Turkish House at Sürmene Kastil

1960 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
D. Winfield ◽  
M. Q. Smith ◽  
Selina Ballance ◽  
Ann Powell
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Country House ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Country Houses ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Many ◽  
The 19Th Century

Ottoman town houses of the later 19th century still exist in considerable numbers throughout the bounds of the Empire, and a number of them have received the attention of students. Remains of houses of an earlier date are much less common, and the development of the country house or konak in the years succeeding the age of castles is as yet imperfectly understood.Although the rich and fertile lands of the Empire of Trebizond had been firmly under Ottoman control since the end of the 15th century, many castles were still inhabited in the 19th century. The majority of the many country houses that remain along the shore of the Black Sea near Trebizond (Trabzon) axe no more than seventy-five years old. Not far from Trebizond itself are the foundations and slight ruins of a 16th or 17th century konak, the proper study of which would entail excavation. The members of the 1958 Walker Trust Expedition had, however, the opportunity of visiting a konak older than most of the rest, built at about three miles east of Sürmene in the village of Sürmene Kastıl. (Kastıl is not a word of Turkish origin, and is perhaps derived from “castello”, a memorial of Genoese and Venetian trading interests in the middle ages.) The exact history of the konak is unknown, but the villagers agree that it was built by a member of the family of Yakupoğlu (a surname borne by the present occupants, and by many others in the area) about 150 years ago.

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