scholarly journals OPTIMASI PRODUKSI GAULTHERIN DARI GANDAPURA DENGAN TEKNOLOGI MIXED-DrYING EXTrACTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
PRIYONO KUSUMO
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Active Compound ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Enzyme Inactivation ◽  
Normal Probability Plot ◽  
Normal Probability ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Compound Concentration

Tujuan studi ini adalah menentukan optimasi produksi gaultherin dari gandapura melalui teknik inaktivasi enzim gaultherase dengan teknologi mixed-drying extraction. Kegiatan riset meliputi studi produktifitas gaultherin dan optimisasi parameter-parameter proses. Upaya yang dapat meningkatkan produktifitas gaultherin diantaranya pengaruh penambahan drying agent (magnesium sulfat, sodium sulfat, kalsium klorida, dan kalsium sulfat). Optimisasi dilakukan menggunakan faktorial design 2n. Penentuan variabel berpengaruh dengan menggunakan normal probability plot, setelah dilakukan perhitungan main efek dan perhitungan interaksi. Selama riset, diukur kandungan gaultherin, metil salisilat, asam salisilat menggunakan spektrofotometer maupun HPLC-MS. Hasil riset menunjukkan bahwa meningkatnya konsentrasi drying agent maupun etanol menyebabkan perolehan gaultherin semakin besar, terutama dengan penambahan kalsium klorida. Hasil telaah menyatakan bahwa variabel proses mixed-drying extraction untuk inaktivasi enzim gaultherase yang paling berpengaruh adalah pH dan konsentrasi etanol. Semakin besar pH ekstraksi, akan meningkatkan perolehan senyawa aktif gaultherin. Kondisi optimum mixed-drying extraction untuk inaktivasi enzim tercapai pada pH 8 dengan kadar senyawa aktif gaultherin sebesar 14,46%. Semakin besar konsentrasi pelarut, gaultherin yang terekstrak semakin meningkat. Produksi gaultherin secara maksimum tercapai pada konsentrasi etanol 90% dengan perolehan senyawa aktif sebesar 13,10%. This study purposed the optimization of gaultherin production from “gandapura” by inactivating the gaultherase enzyme, including gaultherin productivity and process parameters. This research applied the combination processes of extraction-dryer, simultanously. The productivity of gaultherin was improved by adding the drying agent, such as magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, and calcium sulfate. The optimization was conducted using a factorial design 2n. Dependent variables determined by calculating the main effects and interactions, following by the application of probability plots. During the research, the content of gaultherin, methyl salicylate, salicylic acid were measured by using a spectrophotometer and HPLC-MS. The results shows that the higher concentration of drying agent (especially calcium chloride) and ethanol, increased the content of gaultherin. However, the most influenced factor to this conducted process was pH, regarding to the concentration of ethanol. During extraction, the higher the pH, increased the active compound of gaultherin. The optimum condition of enzyme inactivation was found at pH 8 with the content of gaultherin at 14.46%. The higher the solvent concentration of ethanol, the higher content of gaultherin can be extracted. The maximum process condition regarding to ethanol concentration found at 90% with active compound concentration at 13.10%.

Using mastoid vibration can detect the uni/bilateral vestibular deterioration by aging during standing

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yufeng Lin ◽  
Mukul Mukherjee ◽  
Nicholas Stergiou ◽  
Jung Hung Chien
Keyword(s):  
Balance Control ◽  
Short Axis ◽  
Confidence Ellipse ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Posterior Direction ◽  
Control Patterns ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Ellipse Area ◽  
Anterior Posterior

BACKGROUND: The mastoid vibration (MV) has been used to investigate unilateral vestibular dysfunction by inducing nystagmus. Additionally, this MV can be used to quantify the effect of deterioration by aging on the vestibular system during walking. Could such MV be used to assess the uni/bilateral vestibular deterioration by aging during standing? OBJECTIVE: This study attempted to determine the feasibility of using MV for identifying the uni/bilateral vestibular deterioration by aging during standing. METHODS: Fifteen young and ten old adults’ balance control patterns were assessed by three random MV conditions: 1) No MV; 2) Unilateral MV; 3) Bilateral MV. The dependent variables were the 95% confidence ellipse areas and the sample entropy values, which were calculated based on the center of gravity displacement within each condition. RESULTS: Significant main effects of MV and aging were found on all outcome variables. A significant interaction between aging and different MV types was observed in the 95% confidence ellipse area (p = 0.002) and the length of the short axis (anterior-posterior direction, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the MV could be used to identify different vestibular dysfunctions, specifically in old adults.

Nine, Seven, Five, or Three: How Many Figures Do We Need for Assessing Body Image?

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neala Ambrosi-Randić ◽  
Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian ◽  
Vladimir Takšić
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

320 Croatian female students ( M = 20.4 yr.) were recruited to examine the validity and reliability of figural scales using different numbers of stimuli (3, 5, 7, and 9) and different serial presentation (serial and nonserial order). A two-way analysis of variance (4 numbers × 2 orders of stimuli) was performed on ratings of current self-size and ideal size as dependent variables. Analysis indicated a significant main effect of number of stimuli. This, together with post hoc tests indicated that ratings were significantly different for a scale of three figures from scales of more figures, which in turn did not differ among themselves. Main effects of order of stimuli, as well as the interaction, were not significant. The results support the hypothesis that the optimal number of figures on a scale is seven plus (or minus) two.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Opini Audit Terhadap Earnings Response Coefficient

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-83
Author(s):  
Maria Stefani Osesoga ◽  
Jimmy Ardianto
Keyword(s):  
Investment Decision ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Normal Probability Plot ◽  
Audit Opinion ◽  
Earnings Response Coefficient ◽  
Earnings Information ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Response Coefficient ◽  
Normal Probability ◽  
Earnings Response

The users of financial statements require quality and relevant earnings information to be used in decision-making process. The purpose of this study is to determine the significant effect of audit opinion information that contained in the companies' annual report against the quality and relevance earnings information, which measured by Earning Response Coefficient or ERC. This research used control variables, which are beta, leverage, and PBV. The tests conducted in this study were normality test using normal probability plot, the autocorrelation test using Durbin-Watson, multicollinearity test using the value of tolerance and VIF, and heteroscedasticity test using the scatter plot graphic. The hypotheses were tested by using multiple regressions.  The results of the study showed that PBV had significant impact on ERC, and indicated that investors had not appreciated the audit opinion information disclosed by the companies in their annual reports for their investment decision. Keywords: Audit Opinion, Beta, Earnings Response Coefficient, Leverage, Price to Book Value.

scholarly journals Obtaining artificial carnallites from magnesium chloride brines

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-234
Author(s):  
V. V. Shevchuk ◽  
T. N. Potkina ◽  
A. I. Vaitenka ◽  
O. V. Smetanina
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Sulfate Ions ◽  
Chloride Solutions ◽  
Excess Concentration ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Complete Precipitation

The excess of magnesium chloride brines is formed during the polymineral ores processing in order to obtain potassium sulfate. One way to regenerate such brines is to produce artificial carnallite. It is necessary to purify these brines from sulfates for their further use as raw materials for the artificial carnallite production. In this work, the process of desulfurization of magnesium chloride brines with a solution of calcium chloride is studied. The temperature and the processing time, the magnesium chloride solutions concentration and the consumption of desulfurizing agent (calcium chloride) influence on the degree of magnesium chloride solutions purification from sulfate ions was determined. It has been established that almost all sulfate ions interact with calcium ion in 15 minutes and the desulfurization degree reaches 98,08 %. The increase in duration of the suspension mixing is necessary in order to establish equilibrium in the system and relieve the supersaturation in the solution. It has been shown that with increasing solutions saturation with MgCl2, the degree of the magnesium chloride brines purification from SO4 2– ion increases. Complete precipitation of calcium sulfate requires a certain excess concentration of calcium chloride.

scholarly journals Why direct and post-refinement determinations of absolute structure may give different results

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
David John Watkin ◽  
Richard Ian Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Structure Refinement ◽  
Direct Determination ◽  
Standard Uncertainty ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Normal Probability Plot ◽  
Normal Probability ◽  
Structure Determinations ◽  
Absolute Structure

Direct determination of the Flack parameter as part of the structure refinement procedure usually gives different, though similar, values to post-refinement methods. The source of this discrepancy has been probed by analysing a range of data sets taken from the recent literature. Most significantly, it was observed that the directly refined Flack (x) parameter and its standard uncertainty are usually not much influenced by changes in the refinement weighting schemes, but if they are then there are probably problems with the data or model. Post-refinement analyses give Flack parameters strongly influenced by the choice of weights. Weights derived from those used in the main least squares lead to post-refinement estimates of the Flack parameters and their standard uncertainties very similar to those obtained by direct refinement. Weights derived from the variances of the observed structure amplitudes are more appropriate and often yield post-refinement Flack parameters similar to those from direct refinement, but always with lower standard uncertainties. Substantial disagreement between direct and post-refinement determinations are strongly indicative of problems with the data, which may be difficult to identify. Examples drawn from 28 structure determinations are provided showing a range of different underlying problems. It seems likely that post-refinement methods taking into account the slope of the normal probability plot are currently the most robust estimators of absolute structure and should be reported along with the directly refined values.

Application of normal probability plot analysis to lutetium orthoborate factors and parameters

1971 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 284-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Abrahams ◽  
J. L. Bernstein ◽  
E. T. Keve
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Thermal Vibration ◽  
Normal Probability Plot ◽  
Lattice Constants ◽  
Probability Plot ◽  
Plot Analysis ◽  
Structure Factors ◽  
Normal Probability ◽  
Vibration Parameters

The methods of normal probability plot analysis have been applied to two nearly complete sets of structure factors (F meas) and the corresponding objectively assigned standard deviations (σF meas) obtained by diffractometer measurement with two different crystals of lutetium orthoborate. The least-squares derived positional and thermal vibration parameters are shown to be too small by a factor of 1.8, and the σF meas to be overestimated by a factor of 1.55. The two sets of F meas are found to contain a small but parallel bias. The lattice constants of rhombohedral calcite-type LuBO3 are measured as a H = 4.91538±0.00002 Å and cH = 16.21200±0.00003 Å at 298°K, with six formulas in the unit cell, space group R\overline 3c. The Lu–O distance in this six-coordinated Lu compound is 2.240±0.002 Å (corrected standard deviation). The B–O distance in the BO3 triangular groups is 1.370±0.005 Å. The characteristic Θ temperature is estimated as 446±19°K.

Research on the Iterative Stopping Criterion Based on Linear Turbo Equalization

2014 ◽  
Vol 599-601 ◽  
pp. 1833-1837
Author(s):  
An Yao ◽  
Zi Li Chen
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Turbo Equalization ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Stopping Criterion ◽  
Extrinsic Information ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Normal Probability Plot ◽  
Normal Probability ◽  
Processing Delay ◽  
Simulation Results

Although turbo equalization has superior performance, the data processing delay produced by large iterations has become its major drawback for real-time situations. Based on the MMSE criterion, the normal-probability-plot (NPP) of linear equalizer’s extrinsic information is studied in this paper, with the conclusion of the extrinsic information’s approximate Gaussian distribution obtained. In various conditions, the iterative number can be controlled dynamically based on the extrinsic information statistics. The simulation results approves that the technique is able to make delay dwindle largely with small performance degradation.

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