A TEST OF TWO THEORIES IN THE INITIAL PROCESS STAGE OF COALITION FORMATION

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
John F. Flaherty ◽  
Sidney J. Arenson
Keyword(s):  
Coalition Formation ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
Partner Preference ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
Preference Data ◽  
Process Stage ◽  
Game Situation ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Weighted Probability

Males and females participated in a coalition formation procedure by interacting with a computer program that simulated a pachisi game situation. All players occupied position A in the triad, where A > B > C and A < (B + C). The female partner preference data supported a weighted probability model of coalition formation over a bargaining theory. The male partner preference data did not support either theory. Females tended to prefer player B and present a lower initial bargaining demand than males. Three of the six factors of the Shure and Meeker personality and attitude schedule which were related to players' initial bargaining demands were authoritarian nationalism, suspiciousness, and risk avoidance. Males and females differed significantly on these same three Shure and Meeker factors.

The effects of naloxone on courtship and pairing behaviour in male and female zebra finches: the importance of testing mechanisms using multiple paradigms

Behaviour ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 152 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Tomaszycki ◽  
Joanna H. Schnelker ◽  
Brendon P. Zatirka
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Opioid Antagonist ◽  
Zebra Finches ◽  
Partner Preference ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Partner Preferences ◽  
Pair Bonds ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Pairing Behaviour

Opioids are implicated in social attachments, but their role in avian pair bonds is not well understood. The present study tested the effects of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, on pairing using both a forced-choice and a mixed-sex aviary paradigm. First, three doses of naloxone were systemically administered in males using a repeated measures forced-choice design, partner preference formation was tested on the second day. Males treated with 20 mg/kg sang less undirected song. Males treated with 10 mg/kg of naloxone sang less to the familiar partner than when treated with saline and were less likely to form a partner preference than were other treatments. In females, 10 mg/kg of naloxone in a forced-choice paradigm increased preference for the unfamiliar over the familiar male. Finally, males and females were administered either naloxone (10 mg/kg) or saline in a mixed-sex aviary. In females, naloxone increased pairing behaviours, but had no other effects in either sex. Our findings suggest that the effects of naloxone on pairing-related behaviours are context-dependent; male–male competition may decrease the effects of naloxone on male song and a choice of mates may increase affiliation in females in a semi-naturalistic paradigm, and increase preferences for an unfamiliar partner in a forced-choice paradigm. Our findings highlight the importance of using multiple paradigms to test mechanisms of behaviour. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms of monogamous relationships and suggest that opioids play a role in male courtship, female affiliation and partner preferences in both sexes of zebra finches, but that context is important.

scholarly journals HASH Algorithm of Weighted Probability Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jielin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Probability Model ◽  
Digital Signatures ◽  
Hash Algorithm ◽  
The Future ◽  
Weighted Probability

<p>In this paper, a brand-new hash algorithm is provided. The length of the hash value can be customized. It is theoretically proved that the hash collision limit can be reached. The algorithm can be applied flexibly, and it can be applied to digital signatures, document verification and other fields in the future.</p>

scholarly journals HASH Algorithm of Weighted Probability Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jielin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Probability Model ◽  
Digital Signatures ◽  
Hash Algorithm ◽  
The Future ◽  
Weighted Probability

<p>In this paper, a brand-new hash algorithm is provided. The length of the hash value can be customized. It is theoretically proved that the hash collision limit can be reached. The algorithm can be applied flexibly, and it can be applied to digital signatures, document verification and other fields in the future.</p>

scholarly journals Sociability and pair-bonding in gerbils: a comparative experimental study

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey V Tchabovsky ◽  
Ludmila E Savinetskaya ◽  
Natalia L Ovchinnikova ◽  
Alexandra Safonova ◽  
Olga N Ilchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Mating Systems ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Meriones Unguiculatus ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Pair Bonding ◽  
Partner Preference ◽  
Partner Preferences

AbstractIn a study of gerbils with contrasting social and mating systems (group-living monogamous Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus, solitary nonterritorial promiscuous midday jird M. meridianus, and solitary territorial promiscuous pale gerbil Gerbillus perpallidus), we employed partner preference tests (PPTs) to assess among-species variation in sociability and pair-bonding patterns and tested whether the nature of contact between individuals: direct contact (DC) versus nondirect contact (NDC) affected our results. We measured male preferences as the time: 1) spent alone, 2) with familiar (partner), and 3) unfamiliar (stranger) female in the 3-chambered apparatus. Gerbil species differed strongly in sociability and male partner preferences. The time spent alone was a reliable indicator of species sociability independent of the nature of contact, whereas the pattern and level of between-species differences in male partner preferences depended on contact type: DC PPTs, unlike NDC-tests, discriminated well between monogamous and promiscuous species. In the DC-tests, stranger-directed aggression and stranger avoidance were observed both in the highly social monogamous M. unguiculatus and the solitary territorial promiscuous G. perpallidus, but not in the nonterritorial promiscuous M. meridianus. In M. unguiculatus, stranger avoidance in the DC-tests increased the time spent with the partner, thus providing evidence of a partner preference that was not found in the NDC-tests, whereas in G. perpallidus, stranger avoidance increased the time spent alone. This first comparative experimental study of partner preferences in gerbils provides new insights into the interspecific variation in gerbil sociality and mating systems and sheds light on behavioral mechanisms underlying social fidelity and pair-bonding.

Relation of Personality Characteristics and Color Preferences

1979 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
David V. Stimpson ◽  
Miriam F. Stimpson
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Color Preference ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Random Numbers ◽  
Color Test ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Preference Data ◽  
Personal Preference ◽  
Edwards Personal Preference Schedule ◽  
Males And Females

150 students responded to the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and ranked color plates from the Luscher Color Test. Regression analysis yielded no relationships of predictive significance between the two sets of variables. An ancillary analysis using sets of random numbers in place of the color preference data yielded results basically similar to those produced in the earlier analysis. Males and females rank ordered the colors identically except for yellow, which was significantly more preferred by males than females.

Does risk taking vary across the menstrual cycle?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Ryder ◽  
John Maltby ◽  
Heather D Flowe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Attentional Biases ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Risk Avoidance ◽  
Domain Generality ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Rape Avoidance ◽  
Males And Females

Research documents a decline in risk-taking during peak fertility, which has been taken to suggest that fertile women may have inherent rape-avoidance adaptive mechanisms, particularly during the ovulatory phase. However, it cannot be known from previous research whether the decline in risk taking is specific to situations of increased risk of rape, or whether women become risk-averse more generally during peak fertility. Moreover, the cognitive mechanisms underlying the documented reduce in risk taking are not known. Across two studies, we examine the cognitive mechanisms associated with fertility-related risk avoidance by examining attentional biases to angry versus neutral males and females (to assess rape specificity), and fear-relevant versus neutral animals (to assess for domain generality). Study 1 employed a dot-probe paradigm to assess attentional biases to threatening versus neutral faces and animals. Against expectations, women were faster to respond to neutral faces when fertile compared to nonfertile. There were no fertility-related differences in attention to animals, thus suggesting fertility-related differences may be specific to social, or reproductively relevant stimuli. Study 2 built on the limitations of Study 1 by employing eyetracking apparatus for more direct oculomotor evidence of attention to threat. Overall, women fixated more quickly when fertile compared to nonfertile. Regarding fertility, women were slower to make their first fixations on angry compared to neutral faces when fertile, but spent a higher proportion of time fixating on angry versus neutral faces. Emotion did not influence first fixation speed when nonfertile. Importantly, fertility did not influence attention according to fear-relevance in animals. Thus, altogether, the findings appear to suggest fertility-related differences in attention are specific to reproductively relevant stimuli.

scholarly journals Sex differences in partner preferences in humans and animals

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1688) ◽  
pp. 20150118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Balthazart
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Sexual Partner ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Partner Preference ◽  
Partner Preferences ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Correlative Studies

A large number of morphological, physiological and behavioural traits are differentially expressed by males and females in all vertebrates including humans. These sex differences, sometimes, reflect the different hormonal environment of the adults, but they often remain present after subjects of both sexes are placed in the same endocrine conditions following gonadectomy associated or not with hormonal replacement therapy. They are then the result of combined influences of organizational actions of sex steroids acting early during development, or genetic differences between the sexes, or epigenetic mechanisms differentially affecting males and females. Sexual partner preference is a sexually differentiated behavioural trait that is clearly controlled in animals by the same type of mechanisms. This is also probably true in humans, even if critical experiments that would be needed to obtain scientific proof of this assertion are often impossible for pragmatic or ethical reasons. Clinical, epidemiological and correlative studies provide, however, converging evidence strongly suggesting, if not demonstrating, that endocrine, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms acting during the pre- or perinatal life control human sexual orientation, i.e. homosexuality versus heterosexuality. Whether they interact with postnatal psychosexual influences remains, however, unclear at present.

scholarly journals Channel Coding of Weighted Probabilistic Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jielin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Error Detection ◽  
Channel Coding ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Binary Sequence ◽  
Ldpc Code ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Coding Method ◽  
Error Detection And Correction ◽  
Lossless Coding ◽  
Weighted Probability

<p>In this paper a brand new channel error detection and correction method is provided. Artificially adding symbols to the source binary sequence makes the binary sequence present a regularity. The receiver can use this rule to implement error detection and correction. Since many redundant symbols are added, a weighted probability model lossless coding method is proposed in this paper to remove redundant information, and the reasons why Markov chains and conditional probabilities are not feasible are given. It is proven that the method in this paper can reach the channel capacity when the code length approaches infinity. It is shown experimentally that when the code rate is 1/2 in the BIAWGN channel, the method in this paper is superior to the polar code and LDPC code.</p>

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