Race of Athlete-Spokesperson and Implicit and Explicit Responses to Advertising

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 655-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howon Jeong ◽  
Sungho Cho ◽  
Minyoung Lee ◽  
Endarman Sputra
Keyword(s):  
Racial Bias ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Black Athlete ◽  
Black Athletes ◽  
Implicit Preferences ◽  
White Athletes ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

In this study we investigated racial vs. athletes from other countries, bias and differences in attitude of South Koreans toward advertisements featuring Korean vs. foreign athletes and White vs. Black athletes by implementing explicit and implicit measures. The results suggest that Koreans have: (a) implicit preferences for Korean athletes over foreign athletes, (b) implicit attitudes that are more favorable toward advertisements featuring Korean athletes than toward those featuring foreign athlete-spokespersons, (c) implicit preferences for White athletes over Black athletes, and (d) implicit attitudes that are more favorable toward advertisements featuring White athlete-spokespersons than toward those featuring Black athlete-spokespersons. The explicit measures revealed several contradictory results; therefore we have discussed implications for the discrepancy between implicit and explicit measurement methods and the usefulness of implicit measures in the context of racial bias research.

scholarly journals The target/perpetrator brief-implicit association test (B-IAT): an implicit instrument for efficiently measuring discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maddalena Marini ◽  
Pamela D. Waterman ◽  
Emry Breedlove ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Christian Testa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Abstract Background To date, research assessing discrimination has employed primarily explicit measures (i.e., self-reports), which can be subject to intentional and social desirability processes. Only a few studies, focusing on sex and race/ethnicity discrimination, have relied on implicit measures (i.e., Implicit Association Test, IAT), which permit assessing mental representations that are outside of conscious control. This study aims to advance measurement of discrimination by extending the application of implicit measures to multiple types of discrimination and optimizing the time required for the administration of these instruments. Methods Between September 27th 2019 and February 9th 2020, we conducted six experiments (984 participants) to assess implicit and explicit discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age. Implicit discrimination was measured by using the Brief-Implicit Association Test (B-IAT), a new validated version of the IAT developed to shorten the time needed (from ≈15 to ≈2 min) to assess implicit mental representations, while explicit discrimination was assessed using self-reported items. Results Among participants (mean age = 37.8), 68.6% were White Non-Hispanic; 69% were females; 76.1% were heterosexual; 90.7% were gender conforming; 52.8% were medium weight; and 41.5% had an advanced level of education. Overall, we found implicit and explicit recognition of discrimination towards all the target groups (stronger for members of the target than dominant groups). Some exceptions emerged in experiments investigating race/ethnicity and weight discrimination. In the racism experiment, only people of Color showed an implicit recognition of discrimination towards the target group, while White people were neutral. In the fatphobia experiment, participants who were not heavy showed a slight implicit recognition of discrimination towards the dominant group, while heavy participants were neutral. Conclusions This study provides evidence that the B-IAT is a valuable tool for quickly assessing multiple types of implicit discrimination. It shows also that implicit and explicit measures can display diverging results, thus indicating that research would benefit from the use of both these instruments. These results have important implications for the assessment of discrimination in health research as well as in social and psychological science.

scholarly journals Predicting Contamination Aversion Using Implicit and Explicit Measures of Disgust and Threat Overestimation

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Rouel ◽  
Richard J. Stevenson ◽  
Evelyn Smith
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Contamination Fear ◽  
Harmful Substances ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Explicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation have consistently been found to be involved in contamination aversion. However, evidence of the involvement of these factors at the implicit level is mixed, and the role of both responses has not been looked at concurrently. This study aimed to compare the ability of implicit and explicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation to predict contamination aversion and whether this depends on the type of contaminant. Sixty-five participants completed explicit and implicit measures of disgust and threat overestimation, as well as several measures of contamination aversion, including obsessive-compulsive tendencies, and contamination fear and avoidance of contaminants directly associated with disease (direct contaminants) and harmful substances (harm contaminants). It was found that both explicit disgust and explicit threat overestimation predicted contamination-fear obsessive-compulsive tendencies. Explicit disgust predicted contamination fear and avoidance of direct contaminants, whereas explicit threat overestimation predicted contamination fear and avoidance of harm contaminants. The involvement of implicit processes was weak, with some suggestion of difficulty disengaging predicting avoidance of contaminants. Implications for understanding dysfunctional contamination aversion are discussed.

A Latent State-Trait Analysis of Implicit and Explicit Personality Measures

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan C. Schmukle ◽  
Boris Egloff
Keyword(s):  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Personality Measures ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Trait Analysis ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Implicit Personality ◽  
Implicit Assessment ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

Abstract. Explicit personality measures assess introspectively accessible self-descriptions. In contrast, implicit personality measures assess introspectively inaccessible processes that operate outside awareness. However, for both kinds of trait measures, the effect of the situation in which the assessment takes place should be as small as possible. The present study aims at quantifying possible systematic occasion-specific effects on implicit measures (Implicit Association Test) and explicit measures (self-report ratings) of extraversion and anxiety by means of a latent state-trait analysis. This analysis revealed that - as desired for personality assessment - all four measures capture mostly stable interindividual differences. Nevertheless, occasion-specific effects were also observed. These effects were (1) more pronounced for implicit than for explicit measures and (2) more pronounced for anxiety than for extraversion. Implications for the implicit assessment of personality traits are discussed.

scholarly journals RESEARCH OF IMPLICIT ATTITUDES TOWARDS GAMBLING FOR GAMBLERS AND NON-GAMBLERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 498
Author(s):  
Irina Plotka ◽  
Nina Blumenau ◽  
Zhanna Vinogradova
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Implicit Methods ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Problem Gamblers ◽  
Single Category ◽  
Gamblers Anonymous ◽  
Explicit Measures

The importance of studying attitudes towards gambling has been recently recognized in the field of gambling. Research aim is to examine whether non-gamblers and gamblers exhibit both positive and negative implicit attitudes towards gambling-related stimuli. Research questions: (I) What is the valence of implicit associations with gambling among gamblers and non-gamblers? (II) Are the differences in attitudes towards gambling revealed by explicit and implicit methods among gamblers and non–gamblers? (III) Is there a consistency between results obtained by implicit measures and explicit measures of attitude towards gambling? Methods: Participants - 98, age 18-58, Mdn=34 years. Groups: Social Gamblers – 24, Problem Gamblers – 25, Non-Gamblers – 49. Implicit measures: Modified version of Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). Explicit measures: “Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs (GABS)” and “Gamblers anonymous twenty questions (GA-20)”. Results and Conclusions. (I) Both positive and negative implicit gambling associations were found in each of the groups. (II) Explicit attitudes towards gambling are most pronounced in social gamblers and most not pronounced in non-gamblers. Differences in implicit associations with gambling among the groups were not found. (III) In case of positive implicit associations, a negative correlation between the results of explicit and implicit measurements was found. It is possible that the use of negative implicit associations will contribute to the classification of gamblers with low, moderate and high risk.

scholarly journals Preservice Teachers’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Towards Teaching and Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Zaruba ◽  
Andrea Westphal ◽  
Franziska Gutmann ◽  
Miriam Vock
Keyword(s):  
Preservice Teachers ◽  
Student Teaching ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Teaching And Learning Research ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Implicit And Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Explicit Measures

When it comes to teacher attitudes towards teaching and learning, research relies heavily on explicit measures (e.g., questionnaires). These attitudes are generally conceptualized as constructivist and transmissive views on teaching and learning with constructivism often considered to be more desirable. In explicit measures, this can have drawbacks like socially desirable responding. It is for this reason that, in this study, we investigated implicit attitudes as well as explicit attitudes towards constructivism and transmission. N = 100 preservice teachers worked on a questionnaire and two Single-Target Implicit Association Tests (ST-IAT constructivism and ST-IAT transmission) before (T1) and after (T2) a single master’s semester. One group (n = 50) did student teaching while a second group (n = 50) took master’s courses. We evaluated preservice teachers’ views on teaching at the end of their masters’ studies. Participants agreed with transmission and constructivism (T1) on both an explicit and implicit level. Implicit measures seem to exceed explicit measures in differentially assessing constructivist and transmissive views on teaching and learning. After student teaching (T2), there was no overall effect of attitude development but changes in rank indicate that participants’ implicit attitudes towards constructivism and transmission developed differently for each individual.

scholarly journals Implicit and Explicit Racial Attitudes Changed During Black Lives Matter

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy Sawyer ◽  
Anup Gampa
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Racial Attitudes ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
High Status ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Black Lives Matter ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Lab-based interventions have been ineffective in changing individuals’ implicit racial attitudes for more than brief durations, and exposure to high-status Black exemplars like Obama has proven ineffective in shifting societal-level racial attitudes. Anti-racist social movements, however, offer a potential societal-level alternative for reducing racial bias. Racial attitudes were examined before and during Black Lives Matter (BLM) and its high points of struggle with 1,369,204 participants from 2009 to 2016. After controlling for changes in participant demographics, overall implicit attitudes were less pro-White during BLM than pre-BLM, became increasingly less pro-White across BLM, and were less pro-White during most periods of high BLM struggle. Considering changes in implicit attitudes by participant race, Whites became less implicitly pro-White during BLM while Blacks showed little change. Regarding explicit attitudes, Whites became less pro-White and Blacks became less pro-Black during BLM, each moving toward an egalitarian “no preference” position.

scholarly journals Can Evaluative Conditioning Change Well-Established Attitudes Towards Popular Brands? Your Brain Says Yes Even Though Your Mouth Says No

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Shannon Bosshard ◽  
Monika Koller ◽  
Peter Walla
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Verbal Responses ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Explicit Measures

In the present study, using both implicit and explicit measures, we addressed the issue of whether strongly developed relationships towards brands could be modified through the use of evaluative conditioning. Using an online survey, individual participant brand lists were created, and formed the basis of this experiment. Participants were then exposed to conditioning during a longitudinal study. Throughout the experiment, a combination of explicit and implicit measures was used to assess changes in attitude. Specifically, participants were asked to rate the brand names on a Likert-type scale. Simultaneously, changes in the brains electrical activity in response to the brands were recorded via electroencephalography (EEG). Upon completion of this task, participants underwent two Implicit Association Tests (IAT; one for liked brands and one for disliked brands). There were two main findings of this study. Firstly, no significant changes in attitude were observed via the use of explicit measures, and those that were found relating to the IAT were regarded as questionable. Secondly, EEG presented consistent results which showed that conditioning elicited changes in cortical activity towards both liked and disliked brands, which suggest it may be a useful tool in measuring the impact of evaluative conditioning that is not reflected in verbal responses.

scholarly journals Twenty-Five Years of Research Using Implicit Measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. s1-s25
Author(s):  
Bertram Gawronski ◽  
Jan De Houwer ◽  
Jeffrey W. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
25Th Anniversary ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures ◽  
Theoretical Developments

The year 2020 marks the 25th anniversary of two seminal publications that have set the foundation for an exponentially growing body of research using implicit measures: Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, and Williams's (1995) work using evaluative priming to measure racial attitudes, and Greenwald and Banaji's (1995) review of implicit social cognition research that served as the basis for the development of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The current article provides an overview of (1) two conceptual roots that continue to shape interpretations of implicit measures; (2) conflicting interpretations of the term implicit; (3) different kinds of dissociations between implicit and explicit measures; (4) theoretical developments inspired by these dissociations; and (5) research that used implicit measures to address domain-specific and applied questions. We conclude with a discussion of challenges and open questions that remain to be addressed, offering guidance for the next generation of research using implicit measures.

Predicting Spontaneous Big Five Behavior with Implicit Association Tests

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie C. Steffens ◽  
Stefanie Schulze König
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Association Tests ◽  
Spontaneous Behavior ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit Measures

According to theories brought forward recently, implicit measures based on reaction times, for instance Implicit Association Tests (IATs), should predict spontaneous behavior better than explicit measures. We applied five IATs to the measurement of the Big Five personality factors and tested whether the IATs predicted spontaneous behavior. The results show that, although implicit and explicit measures of personality dimensions were related at times, the correlations between them and with behavior suggest that these constructs should be differentiated. IATs predicted spontaneous behavior, but explicit measures did not. In contrast, explicit measures, but not IATs, were related to transparent self-ratings of behavior.

scholarly journals The effect of individual differences and repetitive interactions on explicit and implicit attitudes towards robots

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Ciardo ◽  
Davide Ghiglino ◽  
Cecilia Roselli ◽  
Agnieszka Wykowska
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Implicit Attitudes ◽  
Assistive Robotics ◽  
Implicit Associations ◽  
Social Partner ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Social Agent ◽  
Explicit Attitudes ◽  
Explicit Measures

The exploitation of Social Assistive Robotics (SAR) will bring to the emergence of a new category of users, namely experts in clinical rehabilitation, who do not have a background in robotics. The aim of the present study was twofold. First, we were interested in addressing individual differences in the attitudes towards robots this new category of users. The second aim of the study was to investigate whether repetitive interactions with the robot during the SAR intervention would affect attitudes towards robots. To this end, we evaluated both explicit and implicit attitudes towards robots in a group of therapists rehabilitating children with neurodevelopmental disorders. The evaluation took place before they started a SAR intervention (T0), ongoing (T1), and at the end of it (T2). Explicit attitudes were evaluated using self-reported questionnaires, whereas implicit attitudes were operationalized as the perception of the robot as a social partner and implicit associations regarding the concept of “robot”. Results showed that older ages and previous experience with robots were associated with more negative attitudes toward robots and less willingness to perceive the robot as a social agent. Explicit measures did not vary across time, whereas implicit measures were modulated by increased exposure to robots. Specifically, the more the clinicians were exposed to the robot the more the robot was considered a social partner similarly to the human player. Moreover, across time, users’ memory association between the concept of a robot and mechanical attributes became weaker. In conclusion, our results suggest that individual differences towards robots in a group of SAR users play a crucial role in both explicit and implicit attitudes. Moreover, they also suggest that increased exposure to robots modulates implicit but not explicit attitudes.

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