scholarly journals An appraisal of Unani fundamentals in the management of Humma (fever)

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-s) ◽  
pp. 516-519
Author(s):  
MD. WASI WASI AKHTAR ◽  
Mursaleen Naseer
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Medicine Use ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Unani Medicine ◽  
Holistic Treatment ◽  
Principles Of Treatment

The fever has been described in Unani System of Medicine in a very elaborative manner. Besides controlling raised body temperature, the management also comprises other measures to achieve holistic treatment. The basic modes of treatment viz. Ilaj bil Ghiza (dietotherapy), Ilaj bil Tadbeer (regimenal therapy) and Ilaj bil Dawa (pharmacotherapy) are taken into account as per the basic principles of treatment in Unani medicine. Use of cold water and other drinks (mashroob) reduces body temperature, while use of easily digestible and jayyadul kemoos diet like maul asl, ma’ul shaeer, kashak-us-shaeer, aash-e-jau etc. are given in small amounts, just to provide strength to tabiát and to avoid further increase in morbid matter. Various types of drug used to manage different kinds of fever are Dafe Humma, Muarriqat, Musaffiyat wa Muaddilat, Mubarridat wa Musakkinat, Mudirrat, Muqawwi Kabid and Mufarrehat. Keywords: Humma, Fever, Unani, Management, Basic Principles

Understanding Holism in the light of principle underlying practice of Unani Medicine

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Ghulamuddin Sofi ◽  
Md Anzar Alam ◽  
Mohd Zulkifle ◽  
Bilal Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
The Body ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Unani Medicine ◽  
Disease Causation ◽  
Basic Relationship ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Principles Of Treatment ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The holistic Unani medicine is fundamentally different from the reductionist conventional medicine. It asserts the self-integration amongst its basic disciplines, without considering them underlying principles of Unani system of medicine cannot be understood. The diagnosis, selection of drugs, and plan of treatment is also overlooked. Unani scholars attribute health to the functions or actions of the body in a normal way. The constitution is considered as the result of need based on the amalgamation of Arkan (primordial essence). Umoor Tabiya (basic principles) interact at many levels and manifest into Kaifiyyat (Mizaj), Akhlat (Humour), Arwaah (Pneuma), Quwa (faculties), and Tabiyat (Physis) which need to be understood properly for effective management and diagnosis of disease in Unani medicine as well as its treatment. Ilmul Asbab is applied in the prevention of disease as well as in disease causation. In Unani medicine, there should be conformity in between, Asbab (causes), Alamaat (symptoms), and therapeutics. Therefore; the treatment strategy needs the knowledge of Ilmul Asbab. This paper will examine the basic relationship amongst disciplines i.e. Basic principles, diagnosis, and principles of treatment. It will attempt to illustrate the need for awareness of the basic principles of health and disease for a physician for effective management of disease which is what Unani medicine claims to be holistic.

scholarly journals Human thermoregulatory responses during serial cold-water immersions

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Castellani ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
Michael N. Sawka ◽  
Kent B. Pandolf
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Normal Body Temperature ◽  
Repeat Trial ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Made In

This study examined whether serial cold-water immersions over a 10-h period would lead to fatigue of shivering and vasoconstriction. Eight men were immersed (2 h) in 20°C water three times (0700, 1100, and 1500) in 1 day (Repeat). This trial was compared with single immersions (Control) conducted at the same times of day. Before Repeat exposures at 1100 and 1500, rewarming was employed to standardize initial rectal temperature. The following observations were made in the Repeat relative to the Control trial: 1) rectal temperature was lower and heat debt was higher ( P < 0.05) at 1100; 2) metabolic heat production was lower ( P < 0.05) at 1100 and 1500; 3) subjects perceived the Repeat trial as warmer at 1100. These data suggest that repeated cold exposures may impair the ability to maintain normal body temperature because of a blunting of metabolic heat production, perhaps reflecting a fatigue mechanism. An alternative explanation is that shivering habituation develops rapidly during serially repeated cold exposures.

scholarly journals Effect of Drinking Hot or Cold Water and Intaking Hot Meal on the Body Temperature Measured by Ear Drum. Meaning of ONPUKU.

1994 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-587
Author(s):  
Minoru HIGASA ◽  
Iwao YAMAMOTO ◽  
Ichiro NARIKAWA
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
The Body

Dual core and shell temperature regulation during sea acclimatization in Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua)

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (4) ◽  
pp. R1319-R1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Dumonteil ◽  
H. Barre ◽  
J. L. Rouanet ◽  
M. Diarra ◽  
J. Bouvier
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Adaptation To Cold ◽  
Marine Life ◽  
Shell Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Penguins are able to maintain a high and constant body temperature despite a thermally constraining environment. Evidence for progressive adaptation to cold and marine life was sought by comparing body and peripheral skin temperatures, metabolic rate, and thermal insulation in juvenile and adult Gentoo penguins exposed to various ambient temperatures in air (from -30 to +30 degrees C) and water (3-35 degrees C). Juvenile penguins in air showed metabolic and insulative capacities comparable with those displayed by adults. Both had a lower critical temperature (LCT) close to 0 degree C. In both adults and juveniles, the intercept of the metabolic curve with the abscissa at zero metabolic rate was far below body temperature. This was accompanied by a decrease in thermal insulation below LCT, allowing the preservation of a threshold temperature in the shell. However, this shell temperature maintenance was progressively abandoned in immersed penguins as adaptation to marine life developed, probably because of its prohibitive energy cost in water. Thus adaptation to cold air and to cold water does not rely on the same kind of reactions. Both of these strategies fail to follow the classical sequence linking metabolic and insulative reactions in the cold.

Tolerance to extreme cold at altitude in a Nepalese pilgrim

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1234-1238 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. G. C. E. Pugh
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Extreme Cold

Body temperature and respiratory experiments are reported on a Nepalese pilgrim who survived, uninjured, 4 days of exposure at 15,000–17,500 ft in midwinter, wearing only light clothing and no shoes or gloves. His resistance to cold depended on elevation of metabolism and, unlike tolerance of immersion in cold water, was not related to subcutaneous fat thickness. He slept soundly in spite of the cold and so did not become exhausted. In 3–4-hr experiments at o C (clothed), rectal temperature and skin temperature over the trunk showed only minor changes; hand and foot temperatures did not fall below 10–13 C. Maintenance of body temperature was accounted for by elevation of metabolism. survival in cold Submitted on February 19, 1963

Vestibular Function in the Fetal Sheep

1998 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-575
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Antonelli ◽  
Robert M. Abrams ◽  
Kenneth J. Gerhardt ◽  
Matthias Schwab ◽  
Reinhard Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Vestibular System ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Facial Skin ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Caloric Stimulation

Little is known about the functional development of the vestibular system before birth. The purpose of this study was to determine whether vestibular response to caloric stimulation could be elicited in the fetal sheep in utero. Late gestational fetal sheep ( n = 6) were instrumented through a midline hysterotomy. Copper caloric probes were inserted into the right bulla and beneath the left facial skin. Electrodes were placed in the skull for monitoring of electro-ocular activity. At least 3 days after surgery the probes were irrigated with water (100 ml/minute) at body temperature, 46° C, and 6° C. Cold water infusion of the bulla consistently produced well-recognized, slow-phase deviations followed by saccades directed contralaterally, findings consistent with vestibular nystagmus. The direction of the response reversed with warm water irrigation. The response was absent with irrigation at fetal body temperature. Only random eye movements were observed in response to caloric stimulation of the facial skin, regardless of water temperature. These results demonstrate that the sheep vestibular system is functioning prenatally. The importance of vestibular function for normal fetal brain maturation may be revealed in future studies using this animal model. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1998;118:571–5.)

Effects of immersion of the hand in cold water on digital blood flow

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. L. Hsieh ◽  
T. Nagasaka ◽  
L. D. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Finger Blood Flow ◽  
Circulatory Response ◽  
Cold Induced Vasodilatation ◽  
Digital Blood Flow

The temperatures of the tip of the middle fingers ( Ts) of nine comfortably warm subjects have been recorded during immersion of all the fingers of one hand in a 27–liter bath containing slowly stirred water at temperatures ranging from 4.6 to 40 C ( Tw). Blood flow ( F = ml/cm2 per min) was estimated from the average Ts for the last 15 min of a 20-min period, Tw and body temperature ( Tb) by using the equation: F = 1,087 x K( Ts – Tw)/ ( Tb – Ts). (K = 0.0134 kcal/cm2 per min per °C.) The increase in F per °C reduction in Tw below 10 C was 0.16 ± 0.077 (P < .05). This value gives a measure of the vasodilatation occasioned by immersion in water below 10 C. The sample regression equation of F on Tw was: F = 4.1 – .16 Tw ± 0.17 (n = 27; range of Tw = 4.6 to 10 C). This method of estimating blood flow at several levels of Tw describes more fully the peripheral circulatory response to cold than methods in which only one level of Tw is used. cold-induced vasodilatation; temperature and finger blood flow Submitted on August 28, 1963

Changes in body temperature and basal metabolic rate of the ama

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Kang ◽  
S. H. Song ◽  
C. S. Suh ◽  
S. K. Hong
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Basal Metabolic Rate ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Average Body

Oral temperatures of Korean diving women (ama) were measured before and after diving work in four seasons of the year. Their basal metabolic rate, measured in four seasons, was compared to that of nondiving women who lived in the same community and ate the same diet as the ama. Average oral temperatures declined to 35 C after 70 min of work in summer (water temp., 27 C) and to 33 C after 15 min of work in the winter (water temp., 10 C). Average body temperature, computed from weighted oral and average skin temperatures, declined to 34.6 C in summer and to 30 C in winter. Duration of work periods was determined principally by water temperature, since oral temperature declined at a rate inversely proportional to water temperature. The lower deep body temperatures which the ama endure in winter do, however, prolong their winter work period. The BMR of nondiving women was the same as the Dubois standard throughout the year. However, the BMR of ama varied with the season, ranging from +5 of the Dubois standard in summer to +35 in winter. We conclude that the elevated BMR of ama during the winter is cold adaptation, induced by repeated immersion in cold water. Submitted on November 23, 1962

Body temperature fluctuations in free-ranging eastern foxsnakes (Elaphe gloydi) during cold-water swimming

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie A MacKinnon ◽  
Anna Lawson ◽  
E D Stevens ◽  
Ronald J Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Thermal Biology ◽  
Rapid Temperature ◽  
Free Ranging

We examined the thermal biology of free-ranging terrestrial eastern foxsnakes (Elaphe gloydi Conant, 1940) that were voluntarily swimming in cold water during spring, in Georgian Bay, Ontario, Canada. Using temperature-sensitive radiotelemetry, we recorded body temperatures of foxsnakes during 12 cold-water swims, and subsequent warming on shore. During these swims, water temperatures were from 11 to 22 °C and distances of 85–1330 m were travelled. Snakes that were in cold water long enough equilibrated with water temperature and did not maintain a body temperature above ambient. The largest observed drop in body temperature was 22.6 °C (over 11 min) and the largest increase was 23 °C (over 66 min). Such large, rapid temperature fluctuations have not previously been reported in detail from snakes in the field. Twice as many telemetry observations as expected occurred between 1200 and 1400, suggesting that snakes chose to swim midday. Additionally, our results suggest that foxsnakes bask to raise their body temperature prior to swimming in cold water. We compared swimming speed and the coefficient of temperature change among foxsnakes and other snake species. Swimming speed was positively correlated with water temperature, similar to other findings. We found no clear trend between mass and the coefficients of cooling and warming; however, snakes cooled in water 2.8–8.6 times faster than they warmed in air.

Inhibition of shivering in hypothermic seals during diving

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (2) ◽  
pp. R326-R331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter H. Kvadsheim ◽  
Lars P. Folkow ◽  
Arnoldus Schytte Blix
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Brain Temperature ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Cystophora Cristata ◽  
Increase Oxygen Consumption

The mammalian response to hypothermia is increased metabolic heat production, usually by way of muscular activity, such as shivering. Seals, however, have been reported to respond to diving with hypothermia, which in other mammals under other circumstances would have elicited vigorous shivering. In the diving situation, shivering could be counterproductive, because it obviously would increase oxygen consumption and therefore reduce diving capacity. We have measured the electromyographic (EMG) activity of three different muscles and the rectal and brain temperature of hooded seals ( Cystophora cristata) while they were exposed to low ambient temperatures in a climatic chamber and while they performed a series of experimental dives in cold water. In air, the seals had a normal mammalian shivering response to cold. Muscles were recruited in a sequential manner until body temperature stopped dropping. Shivering was initiated when rectal temperature fell below 35.3 ± 0.6°C ( n = 6). In the hypothermic diving seal, however, the EMG activity in all of the muscles that had been shivering vigorously before submergence was much reduced, or stopped altogether, whereas it increased again upon emergence but was again reduced if diving was repeated. We conclude that shivering is inhibited during diving to allow a decrease in body temperature whereby oxygen consumption is decreased and diving capacity is extended.

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