УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАННАЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ РЕМОНТА ЭЛЕКТРОГИДРАВЛИЧЕСКИХ ФОРСУНОК АВТОТРАКТОРНЫХ ДИЗЕЛЕЙ

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (141) ◽  
pp. 74-82
Author(s):  
SERGEY TIMOKHIN ◽  
◽  
PAVEL BOGATYREV ◽  
DMITRIY GALIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Surface ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ball Valve ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Valve Seat ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Ring Shape

The actual service life of electrohydraulic injectors of automotive diesel engines with a high-pressure battery system of the Common Rail type in operation is significantly lower than the claimed one, and its restoration by repair is relevant from a technical and economic point of view. One of the most wearable elements of electrohydraulic injectors is the contact surface of the ball valve seat. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing an improved technology for repairing electro-hydraulic injectors of automotive diesel engines with a vibration-rivet of the contact surface of the ball valve seat. (Materials and methods) The article presents the carried out theoretical substantiation of the process of vibration riveting of the ball valve seat of electrohydraulic injectors and its laboratory and bench studies using serial stands for testing electrohydraulic injectors, checking their elements and restoring the seat geometry by lapping, an electronic digital microscope. (Results and discussion) Authors confirmed the working hypothesis about the possibility of forming the ring contact surface of the ball valve of electrohydraulic injectors reinforced with a vibration riveting by creating certain hydraulic and electrical modes of its operation during the required time. For the model 0445110376 electrohydraulic injectors of the Cummins ISF 2.8 diesel engine, the total area of the hardened surface of the regular ring shape was 0.07 square millimeters, and the depth was about 0.003 millimeters with a process time of 45 minutes. The parameters of the experimental electrohydraulic injectors met the requirements of the test plan, and they are currently successfully undergoing operational tests. (Conclusions) The use of a valve seat vibration rivet will increase the life of repaired injectors at a low cost for its implementation.

scholarly journals THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF A METHOD FOR INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF REPAIR OF ELECTRIC HYDRAULIC NOZZLES OF AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL ENGINES

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
С.В. Тимохин ◽  
П.В. Богатырев ◽  
А.В. Поликанов ◽  
В.А. Мачнев
Keyword(s):  
Contact Surface ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Valve Seat ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Alternative Technologies ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
Experimental Substantiation ◽  
Tractor Diesel

В работе рассмотрены вопросы ремонта электрогидравлических форсунок (ЭГФ), широко распространенных в автотракторных и комбайновых дизелях. Фактический ресурс ЭГФ в эксплуатации значительно ниже заявляемого и его восстановление путем проведения ремонтно – обслуживающих воздействий является целесообразным, как с технической, так и с экономической точек зрения. Проведенный анализ характерных неисправностей ЭГФ показывает, что одним из наиболее изнашиваемых элементов ЭГФ является контактная поверхность седла шарикового электромагнитного клапана. Рассмотрены типовые и альтернативные технологи ремонта седла клапана и предложен способ их улучшения вибронаклепом контактной поверхности. Сформулированы цель и задачи исследований. Проведены теоретическое обоснование процесса вибронаклепа седла шарикового клапана ЭГФ и его лабораторные и стендовые исследования, результаты которых подтвердили рабочую гипотезу о возможности формирования упрочненной вибронаклепом контактной поверхности клапана. Применение предлагаемого способа позволит увеличить ресурс отремонтированных форсунок, при небольших затратах на его реализацию. The article deals with the issues of repair of electro-hydraulic nozzles (EHN), which are widespread in automotive and tractor diesel engines. The actual resource of the EHN is significantly lower than the declared one and its restoration by carrying out repair and maintenance operations is expedient, both from a technical and economic point of view. The analysis of typical EHN malfunctions shows that one of the most wear-out elements of EHN is the contact surface of the seat of a ball electromagnetic valve. Typical and alternative technologies for repairing a valve seat are considered and a method for improving them with a vibration hardening of the contact surface is proposed. The goal and objectives of research are formulated. The theoretical substantiation of the process of vibration hardening of the EHN ball valve seat and its laboratory and bench studies, the results of which confirmed the working hypothesis about the possibility of forming a vibration rivet hardened contact surface of the valve, were carried out. The application of the proposed method will increase the resource of the repaired injectors at low costs for its implementation.

scholarly journals The effect of the virgin fibers to the properties of different paper products

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tibor Czene ◽  
◽  
László Koltai ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chemical Additives ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Process Modification ◽  
Recycled Fiber

The products from paper are widely used materials with several benefits. The corrugated paper keeps items protected through long-distance logistic processes and constant shipping and handling. The corrugated boxboards are ideal options for any industry’s shipping, packaging and storage needs. Papers and cardboards are quite low cost and also provide environmental-friendly solutions, using recyclable materials such as used corrugated cartons and old newspapers. Recycling offers a reduction in environmental impact in densely populated regions and a large production of paper and board products. Generally, the use of recycled fiber produces paper with poorer mechanical properties due to the decrease in the interfiber bonding. The recycled pulp must be treated to restore its bonding strength, for which there are six methods possible: mechanical treatment, chemical additives, chemical treatment, fractionation, papermaking process modification and blending with virgin fiber. Although some mills produce 100% recycled paper, the majority augment their used pulp with some virgin fiber. Paper properties can be tailored within some ranges by modifying the properties of fibers, but the influence of fine quality on structure, strength and optical properties of paper can be even greater. The properties of papers are essentially determined by their raw materials. Most of these raw materials are made from 100% recycled fiber, but as the quality of the waste fiber varies, different chemicals must be used to provide the desired or expected properties. From an environmental and economic point of view, the use of primary fibers can be an alternative.

scholarly journals The Case of Ryanair - EU State Aid Policy on the Wrong Runway

ORDO ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Gröteke ◽  
Wolfgang Kerber
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
State Aid ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
The Public ◽  
Effective Competition ◽  
Price Differentiation ◽  
Regional Airports ◽  
Aid Policy

SummaryFor the European Commission the case of Ryanair is a precedence decision about the application of state aid policy to agreements between regional airports and airlines. In a long-term contract with the regional airport of Charleroi (near by Brussels), the Irish low-cost airline Ryanair received better conditions than other airlines. In return, it committed itself to transport a certain number of passengers to this airport for a period of fifteen years. This alleviates considerably the entry of the so far non-established Charleroi Airport into the market for international airports. The Commission interprets these better conditions as a discrimination, which distorts competition among airlines. Contrary to that, a thorough economic analysis shows that these conditions must be regarded as a normal form of price differentiation in effective competition. Any airlines would have received similar conditions, if they have offered similar advantages to the airport. Consequently, the decision of the Commission in the Ryanair case is wrong. Additionally, the principles of the Commission, which entail the danger of an allencompassing regulation of prices for airport services, are misleading from an economic point of view, because they tend to impede effective competition in the aviation sector. The real state aid problem is, however, whether and under what conditions the public funding of airports leads to a distortion of competition among airports. This problem remains unsolved. This is also true for the problem of the slot-allocation on airports.

scholarly journals Pelleting Vineyard Pruning at Low Cost with a Mobile Technology

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Toscano ◽  
Vincenzo Alfano ◽  
Antonio Scarfone ◽  
Luigi Pari
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Direct Production ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Variable Distance ◽  
Intermediate Storage

The goal of this work was to test a patented pruning harvester and a mobile pelleting system specifically designed for the vineyard agripellet chain. Biomass was characterized before and after storage and after the pelleting stage. The performance, the fuel consumption, and the work quality of the harvester were assessed together with the productivity and the power consumption of the mobile pelleting system. Production costs of pellet were estimated for the whole logistic chain, considering two scenarios: Storage and pelleting directly at the farm site or at a dedicated location at variable distance from the fields. For comparison, the direct production of chips without pelleting was considered. Results indicate that harvester performance was quite good and comparable with commercial solutions; the chips produced exhibited excellent storage performance, allowing direct pelleting without forced drying; the pellet quality was good comparable with that produced from forestry biomass. From an economic point of view, in-field pelleting was the most cost-effective solution, with a good margin of profit up to 57€ t−1; on the other hand, when transport to an intermediate storage center is necessary, profit margin reduces gradually and fades off at an average 50 km distance from the fields.

scholarly journals Influence of Sulfur and Additives on Wear of Exhaust Valve Seat of Cylinder Head

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jianping Zhao ◽  
Shunli Zhang ◽  
Zhenhuan Dou ◽  
YuBo Sun ◽  
Jiangkun Wan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Contact Surface ◽  
High Power ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Carbon Deposition ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Exhaust Valve ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Valve Seat ◽  
Protection Mechanism

In this paper, taking a certain type of high-power diesel engine exhaust valve abnormal wear phenomenon as an example, we conduct research on the exhaust valve surface micromorphology characteristics, contact surface accumulation products, additive transition layer, and combustion test. These passed diesel sulfur content comparative test, diesel additive composition analysis, and high-sulfur-content and low-sulfur-content diesel and diesel oil additive action test. At present, there is no authoritative research on the influence of sulfur content in diesel on valve seat wear of high-power diesel engines, and the protection mechanism of diesel additives on the valve seat is not clear. The sulfur in diesel, like the lead in gasoline, has long been known to resist wear in the valve seats of high-power diesel engines; just as gasoline additives compensate for the loss of lead, diesel oil additives seem to compensate for the loss of sulfur. Tests show that a uniform carbon deposition layer is formed on the contact surface after the diesel is burned, and the carbon deposition layer is more densely and uniformly adsorbed on the contact surface under the action of diesel additives to form an antiwear layer. Tests also show that the sulfur in diesel has no effect on the wear resistance of the valve seat.

scholarly journals Review on OwnCloud Features for Private Cloud Data Center

TEM Journal ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 954-960
Author(s):  
Irfan Syamsuddin ◽  
Anton Satria Prabuwono ◽  
Ahmad Hoirul Basori ◽  
Arda Yunianta
Keyword(s):  
Data Center ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Private Cloud ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Cloud Data Center ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Cloud Data ◽  
Private Data

It is imperative for government to constantly improve e-government services through innovative technologies in order to cope with tremendous demands coming from citizen side. Although it is realized that e-services to citizens have to be improved and enriched, the realization is not an easy effort since additional budget allocation is usually considered as a hard decision from economic point of view. Cloud computing offers a sound answer to the issue by offering low cost of infrastructure spending, simplifies e-government development and on demand solution to any requirement from user. Practical implementation of OwnCloud for private data center is discussed. Then, the paper briefly reviews several features of OwnCloud that have been modified according to the need of local government and put required assessment on how to implement them appropriately.

Sophie Laws, with Caroline Harper and Rachel Marcus. Research for Development: A Practical Guide. New Delhi: Vistaar Publications. 2003. xiii+475 pages. Paperback. Indian Rupees 450.00.

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-172
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Policy Research ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Is Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Development Workers

To implement any successful policy, research about the subject-matter is essential. Lack of knowledge would result in failure and, from an economic point of view, it would lead to a waste of scarce resources. The book under review is essentially a manual which highlights the use of research for development. The book is divided into two parts. Part One informs the reader about concepts and some theory, and Part Two deals with the issue of undertaking research for development. Both parts have 11 chapters each. Chapter 1 asks the basic question: Is research important in development work? The answer is that it is. Research has many dimensions: from the basic asking of questions to the more sophisticated broad-based analysis of policy issues. The chapter, in short, stresses the usefulness of research which development workers ignore at their own peril.

Causes of gear pump fails and methods for their elimination

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-107
Author(s):  
Vitaliy A. Zuyevskiy ◽  
Daniil O. Klimyuk ◽  
Ivan A. Shemberev
Keyword(s):  
Adhesion Strength ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Gear Pump ◽  
Repair Service ◽  
Recovery Method

Gear pumps are an important element of many production systems and their replacement in case of failure can be quite expensive, so it is important to have a modern and well-tuned technology for their recovery. There are many methods for restoring the pump's performance, depending on the reason that led to its failure. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in determining what causes most often lead to loss of pump performance, and developing a recovery method that provides the greatest post-repair service life of the pump and low cost of repair. (Materials and methods) Authors took into account that the applied coatings must have sufficient adhesion strength and resistance to mechanical, thermal and corrosion loads during operation. It was found that most often significant leaks of the working fluid, leading to failure, occur due to an increase in the gap between the inner surface of the housing and the gears due to active wear of the housing wells. Authors determined that the method of electric spark treatment of worn-out housing wells is best suited to perform the task (a large post-repair resource and low costs). (Results and discussion) It was found by laboratory studies of the adhesion strength of electric spark coatings with various electrodes that the best transfer of the material to the substrate is provided by bronze electrodes BrMKts3-1. It was noted that the coatings applied using the BrMKts3-1 electrode have high strength properties. (Conclusions) Research conducted in the center for collective use "Nano-Center" VIM confirmed the possibility of effective recovery of the gear pump by electric spark treatment.

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