scholarly journals SEMEN CHARACTERISTICS IN HIV-INFECTED MEN

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-102
Author(s):  
F. N. Selimova ◽  
S. G. Perminova ◽  
E. V. Mityurina ◽  
N. V. Kozyrina
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Sperm Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Male Patients ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
Group 1

The goal of the study was to evaluate the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the semen characteristics in HIV-infected men.Materials and methods. A prospective case-control study enrolled 66 HIV-infected male patients who presented for fertility assessment. Group 1 included 51 male patients treated with ART; Group 2 included 15 males who were not receiving ART. 97 and 25 semen samples were analyzed, respectively. HIV status was assessed based on the data regarding the stage and phase of the disease, viral load, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ counts and the ART duration.Study results. At enrollment in the study, the duration of HIV infection in Group 1 was longer than that in Group 2 (the difference being statistically significant): 5 years (2–9 years) versus 2,5 years (0,4–4,5), respectively (р=0,0004). Median duration of treatment in Group 1 was 1,5 years. The most common type of abnormal semen morphology in ART-treated patients was teratozoospermia (40%), and the percentage of abnormally shaped spermatozoa in this group was higher compared to Group 2 (the difference being statistically significant): 97 (96–98) versus 96 (94,5–96,5); р=0,006). Group 1 demonstrated a negative relationship between the count of abnormally shaped spermatozoa and CD4+ cell count (r=–0,362; р=0,026), disease duration (r=0,173; р=0,173) and sperm count (r=–0,242; р=0,020), progressively motile (category B) sperm count (r=–0,241; р=0,024). The ART duration showed an inverse correlation with the progressively motile sperm count (category B) (r=–0,224; р=0,036). Group 2 demonstrated a statistically significant positive relationship between the CD4+ cell count, the semen volume (r=0,778; p=0,014), and the count of progressively motile (category B) spermatozoa (r=0,667; р=0,05). We also revealed a statistically significant inverse relationship between the viral load and the semen volume (r=–0,669; р=0,035). Sperm DNA fragmentation was found to be higher in HIV-infected patients treated with ART compared to HIV-infected men not receiving ART (15,8% (12,4–23,0) and 14% (10,9–20,5); р=0,533), respectively. Thus, HIV-infected patients treated with ART demonstrated abnormal sperm morphology (increased abnormal sperm count), decreased sperm motility and increased sperm DNA fragmentation level. The percentage of abnormally shaped sperm was higher in patients with lower CD4+ cell counts. In patients with a long history of HIV infection, the sperm count decreases and the count of immotile spermatozoa increases. HIV-infected individuals who are not receiving ART and have high viral loads show decreased semen volume. This value increases upon an increase in the CD4+ cell count.

Evaluation of T cell-mediated immunity in HIV-infected patients with helminthiasis

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
R.O. Simonov ◽  
◽  
R.G. Yapparov ◽  
D.A. Valishin ◽  
E.M. Gareev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Cd8 Cell ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
Group 1

Objective. To analyze T cell-mediated immunity (subpopulations of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes) in HIV-infected patients with helminthiasis receiving or not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Patients and methods. This study included 159 individuals; 100 of them had subclinical stage 3 HIV infection and helminthiasis (caused by different helminths) and were divided into two experimental groups depending on whether they received ART or not. The control group 1 comprised 29 HIV-positive people without helminthiasis not receiving ART, whereas the control group 2 included 30 HIV-negative people with helminthiasis. Patients in the experimental groups and control group 2 were followed up during the study and received anthelmintic treatment. The assessment of the immune status using monoclonal antibodies against specific antigens of subpopulations of T-lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+ cells, cytotoxic T-cells-suppressors-CD8+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio) was performed in the laboratory of the Republican Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Ufa, Russian Federation. Results. In this study, we evaluated the relative count of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells in HIV-infected patients with helminthiasis at different time-pints during 6 months. We observed significant differences in the CD3+, CD3+CD4+, and CD3+CD8+ cell count between HIV-infected patients with helminthiasis on ART and without ART. Patients in the experimental group on ART demonstrated a significantly lower CD3+ cell count compared to patients in the experimental group not on ART (2.3 times lower; p < 0.01), as well as lower CD3+CD4+ cell count (1.5 times lower; p < 0.05) and CD4+CD8+ cell count (1.9 times lower; p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that HIV-infected people with helminthiasis on ART are more likely to have their CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ Т-cell count normalized than those not receiving ART. Conclusion. The assessment of the immune status (T-cell medicated immunity) in the study groups demonstrated that HIVinfected patients with helminthiasis on ART presented with a gradual increase of the relative CD3+ cell count throughout the study (62.5 ± 5.6 %), whereas HIV-infected patients with helminthiasis receiving no ART presented with a gradual decrease of the relative CD3+ cell count (28.0 ± 4%). HIV-infected patients without helminthiasis and receiving no ART (control group 1) also demonstrated a decrease of the relative CD3+ cell count (28.1 ± 3.5%). We also observed a clear trend towards the normalization of relative CD3+CD4+ T-cell count (41.4 ± 8.2%) in HIV-infected patients with helminthiasis on ART, while patients from other groups (including HIV-infected patients with helminthiasis without ART and individuals in both control groups) demonstrated a tendency to a steady decline in the relative CD3+CD4+ cell count at all time-points. We also found that HIV-infected patients with helminthiasis on ART had their CD4+/CD8+ ratio back to almost normal by month 6 (45.7 ± 3.7%), whereas HIV-infected patients with helminthiasis without ART and patients from the control group 1 had their mean CD4+CD8+ ratio gradually decreasing throughout the study (27.5 ± 4.9% and 30.5 ± 7.1% respectively). The parameters of T-cell mediated immunity (subpopulations of CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ lymphocytes) showed a more pronounced tendency to normalization in HIV-infected patients with helminthiasis who received ART. Our findings suggest that in HIV-infected patients with helminthiasis on ART, compensatory mechanisms of T-lymphocytes predominate, in contrast to HIV-infected patients with helminthiasis receiving no ART and the control group of HIV-infected patients receiving no ART, in whom we observed immunodeficiency of different grades. Key words: HIV infection, helminthiasis, T-cell immunity

scholarly journals Sperm DNA fragmentation in men of different age

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
S. Sh. Khayat ◽  
E. E. Bragina ◽  
E. A. Arifulin ◽  
E. M. Lazareva ◽  
T. M. Sorokina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Sperm Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Dna Breaks ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Fragmented Dna ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The study objective is to analyze the content of spermatozoa with single and double-stranded DNA breaks in different age groups.Materials and methods. The level of DNA fragmentation was studied in 300 ejaculate samples obtained from 266 sub- or infertile men. The group 1 included 150 samples obtained from 131 patients under the age of 45 (21–44 years), the group 2 included 150 samples obtained from 135 patients above the age of 45 (45–68 years). Mean ages were 34.8 ± 3.9 and 48.6 ± 3.1 years, respectively. The number of sperm with fragmented DNA was evaluated using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method on ejaculate smears. The number of spermatozoa with >15 % of fragmented DNA was considered elevated. Standard semen analysis was performed in 117 and 97 men from the groups 1 and 2, respectively.Results. The number of sperm with fragmented DNA varied in ejaculated samples from 1.5 to 64.5 %. Mean number of sperm with DNA breaks in the group 1 (12.0 ± 6.0 %) was significantly lower than in the group 2 (16.1 ± 8.3 %, p <0.05). Mean sperm count in the ejaculate of the group 1 (267.0 ± 198.7 million) was significantly higher than in the group 2 (201.0 ± 162.9 million, p = 0.02).Conclusion. We revealed that in men over the age of 45 years, the percentage of spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation is higher than in men under 45 years of age, it may indirectly indicate an increased level of reactive oxygen species in the seminal plasma in older patients. 

scholarly journals Spermatological characteristics of mosaic and non-mosaic forms of Klinefelter syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
M. I. Shtaut ◽  
T. M. Sorokina ◽  
L. F. Kurilo ◽  
V. B. Chernykh
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Klinefelter Syndrome ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Cell Parameters ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Mosaic Form ◽  
Immature Cells ◽  
Group 1

The study objective is to compare of ejaculate parameters in mosaic, non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome (KS).Materials and methods. Eighty-five patients with KS were examined. The group 1 included 75 patients between the ages of 17 and 39 with non-mosaic KS (47,XXY), the group 2 included 10 males between the ages of 22 and 57 years with mosaic KS: 47,XXY/46,XY (n = 9), 48,XXY,der(X)/47,XXY/46,XY (n = 1).Results. KS patients semen volume was 1.9 ± 1.3 (0.1–5.5) ml in non-mosaic KS patients (47,XXY) and 1.5 ± 1.2 (0.05–4.00) ml in patients with a mosaic form of a KS, respectively, рН semen – 7.8 ± 0.5 (6.5–9.0) and 7.8 ± 0.2 (7.5–8.1), sperm count – 0.27 ± 1.42 (0.00–12.50) and 0.12 ± 0.28 (0.00–0.90) million/ml, respectively. The viscosity was increased (>20 mm) at 41 % non-mosaic KS (group 1) and 22 % of mosaic KS (group 2) patients. The ejaculate sediment was investigated by quantitative karyological analysis of immature germ cells. The germ cells in 42 % samples of the ejaculate of the patients with a classical form of a KS and in 20 % samples of the ejaculate of the patients with a mosaic form was found. That indicates a partial preservation of spermatogenesis.Conclusion. The degree of spermatogenesis depletion in KS patients widely varied, ejaculate and germ cell parameters in the ejaculate sediment weren’t significantly different. Presence of few sperms (cryptozoospermia) and immature cells in the ejaculate sediment point to partial preservation of spermatogenesis. 

scholarly journals Virological response and retention in care according to time of starting ART in Italy: data from the Icona Foundation Study cohort

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-689
Author(s):  
Antonella d’Arminio Monforte ◽  
Alessandro Tavelli ◽  
Alessandro Cozzi-Lepri ◽  
Antonella Castagna ◽  
Simone Passerini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virological Response ◽  
Retention In Care ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Art Initiation ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Objectives To describe: (i) factors associated with rapid and delayed ART initiation; (ii) rates of 12 week virological response; and (iii) virologically controlled retention in care by 1 year from ART initiation according to timing of start in a real-life setting. Methods All individuals in the Icona cohort diagnosed with HIV in 2016–17 who initiated ART were grouped according to the time between HIV diagnosis and ART initiation: Group 1, ≤7 days; Group 2, 8–14 days; Group 3, 15–30 days; Group 4, 31–120 days; and Group 5, &gt;120 days. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with: (i) the probability of rapid (Group 1) and very delayed (Group 5) ART initiation; (ii) the 12 week virological response (by a modified snapshot algorithm); and (iii) the probability of retention in care at 1 year (on ART with HIV-RNA &lt;50 copies/mL). Results A total of 1247 individuals were included [82 (6.6%) in Group 1, 115 (9.2%) in Group 2, 267 (21.4%) in Group 3, 641 (51.4%) in Group 4 and 142 (11.4%) in Group 5]. Main predictors of rapid ART start (Group 1) were low CD4 cell count and high HIV-RNA at first contact with the infectious diseases centre. There was no association between probability of virological response and timing of ART initiation. Overall, 90% of individuals remained on ART after 1 year, 91% with undetectable HIV-RNA. Participants of Italian nationality, those with higher CD4 cell count and lower HIV-RNA at ART initiation were more likely to be retained in care after 1 year. Conclusions In our high-income observational setting, we did not observe differences in the 1 year rate of virological response and retention in care according to timing of ART initiation.

scholarly journals The Role of Aerosol Pentamidine Prophylaxis

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-69
Author(s):  
E L C Ong
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Pneumocystis Carinii ◽  
Total Lymphocyte Count ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
Cd4 Cell

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) is the most frequent opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS, occurring in 80% and recurring in 50% of patients within 12 months of the first episode. Prophylaxis for PCP is recommended if the CD4+ cell count is <200×106/l or 20% of the total lymphocyte count, or after an episode of PCP. The most effective prophylactic agent currently is trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and should be the drug of choice but alternatives such as aerosol pentamidine are being increasingly used for patients who cannot tolerate this combination or other oral preparations. If aerosol pentamidine is used and administered via a Respigard II Marquest nebulizer, the dosage should be higher than the currently recommended monthly dosage of 300 mg.

Administration of Single-Dose Antibiotic Does Not Decrease Oronasal Fistula Rates After Primary Palatoplasty

2021 ◽  
pp. 105566562199265
Author(s):  
Ishwarya Shradha Mamidi ◽  
Esperanza Mantilla-Rivas ◽  
Brynne A. Ichiuji ◽  
Md Sohel Rana ◽  
Karen I. Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Fistula Formation ◽  
Readmission Rates ◽  
Oronasal Fistula ◽  
Inadequate Sample Size ◽  
Perioperative Antibiotics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
National Databases ◽  
Group 1

Objective: Oronasal fistula (ONF) is a known complication after primary palatoplasty (PP). Studies investigating the effect of perioperative antibiotics on fistula rates after PP are limited by inadequate sample size or reliance on self-reporting through national databases. In this study, the authors evaluated the association between single-dose perioperative antibiotics and postoperative fistula rates after PP at a single institution. Design: A retrospective study. Participants: Children younger than 2 years who underwent PP from April 2009 to September 2019 were included. Interventions: Patients were divided into 2 categories: Group 1 received a single intraoperative dose of IV antibiotic, while group 2 did not. Main Outcome Measure(s): Outcome measures included ONF formation, length of stay (LOS), and 30-day readmission rates. Multivariable firth logistic regression, quantile regression, and χ2 tests were performed. Results: Of the 424 patients, 215 and 209 patients were in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The overall ONF rate was 1.9% among all patients. Patients in group 1 experienced an ONF rate of 3.3%, while patients in group 2 had an ONF rate of 0.5%. After correcting for confounding variables, the difference in ONF rates was not statistically different ( P = .68). Median LOS was 35.7 hours and 35.5 hours ( P = .17), while the rate of readmission within 30 days was 4.7% and 2.4% for group 1 and 2, respectively ( P = .96). Conclusions: Administration of a single-dose perioperative antibiotic did not decrease fistula formation after PP, nor did it affect the patient’s LOS or 30-day readmission rate.

scholarly journals Frequency of Cytomegalovirus Viral Load in Iranian Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1-Infected Patients with CD4+ Counts <100 Cells/mm3

Intervirology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Jabbari ◽  
Hoorieh Soleimanjahi ◽  
Somayeh Shatizadeh Malekshahi ◽  
Mohammad Gholami ◽  
Leila Sadeghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Cell Count ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Cd4 Count ◽  
Cd4 Cell Count ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cd4 Cell ◽  
Hiv 1

<b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aim of present work was to assess cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia in Iranian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients with a CD4+ count &#x3c;100 cells/mm<sup>3</sup> and to explore whether CMV DNA loads correlate with CD4+ cell counts or associated retinitis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This study was conducted at the AIDS research center in Iran on HIV-1-infected patients with CD4+ count &#x3c;100 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>, antiretroviral therapy-naive, aged ≥18 years with no previous history of CMV end-organ disease (CMV-EOD). <b><i>Results:</i></b> Thirty-nine of 82 patients (47.56%) had detectable CMV viral load ranging from 66 to 485,500 IU/mL. CMV viral load in patients with retinitis ranges from 352 to 2,720 IU/mL, and it was undetectable in 2 patients. No significant associations between CMV viremia and CD4+ cell count was found (<i>p</i> value = 0.31), whereas significant association of CMV viremia in HIV-infected patients with retinitis was found (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.02). <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> We estimated the frequency of CMV viral load infection in Iranian HIV-1-infected patients with a CD4+ cell count &#x3c;100 mm<sup>3</sup>/mL in the largest national referral center for HIV-1 infection in Iran. Further research is required on the relevance of CMV viral load in diagnostic and prognostic value of CMV-EOD.

scholarly journals Impact of percutaneous embolization versus subinguinal microsurgical ligation on semen parameters in primary varicocele patients: comparative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haytham M. Nasser ◽  
Ahmed Hussein ◽  
Gad M. Behairy ◽  
Mostafa Abdo
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Male Factor ◽  
Percutaneous Embolization ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background Varicocele is an abnormally dilated pampiniform plexus of the veins within the spermatic cord and is considered the most common correctable cause of male factor infertility. Many approaches are described for treatment either surgical (tradition inguinal, subinguinal, and laparoscopic) or non-surgical percutaneous embolization. During the period from August 2017 to December 2018, we prospectively analyzed the preoperative and post-operative alteration of semen parameters (at 3 and 9 months) of the data collected from 63 patients with clinically evident varicocele referred to our tertiary hospital. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1, thirty-three patients who underwent subinguinal microsurgical ligation, and group 2, thirty patients who underwent percutaneous embolization. Results Sixty-three patients enrolled in this study were divided in two groups: group 1, patients who underwent surgery, and group 2, patients who underwent embolization; the mean age is 24.6 ± 1.27 years in group 1 and 23.7 ± 2 years in group 2; there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups as regards BMI, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking. Bilaterality was present in 15.2% of group 1 patients and 10% in group 2 patients (P value 0.06). Most of the patients were classified as grades 2 and 3 with no statistical significance regarding severity of the disease. Preoperative semen parameters for patients including sperm count, motility, and abnormal forms showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Post-intervention semen analysis was done twice during follow-up after 3 months and 9 months from the date of intervention. After 3 months, the semen parameters were improved in both groups in spite of the higher sperm count in group 2 but with no statistical significance. After 9 months follow-up, semen analysis showed persistent increase in sperm mobility in group 1 patients in comparison to group 2 patients. Both groups had better improvement in count of normal form with no statistical significant change. Conclusion Improvement of semen parameters while treating primary varicocele by either subinguinal microsurgery approach or percutaneous embolization shows equivalent outcomes.

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