scholarly journals The Paradox of Charity

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Lewiński
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
Argumentation Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Point ◽  
Important Principle ◽  
Principle Of Charity

The principle of charity is used in philosophy of language and argumentation theory as an important principle of interpretation which credits speakers with “the best” plausible interpretation of their discourse. I contend that the argumentation account, while broadly advocated, misses the basic point of a dialectical conception which approaches argumentation as discussion between (at least) two parties who disagree over the issue discussed. Therefore, paradoxically, an analyst who is charitable to one discussion party easily becomes uncharitable to the other. To overcome this paradox, I suggest to significantly limit the application of the principle of charity depending on contextual factors.

A Classroom Demonstration of the Difference between Correlation and Causality

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 801-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Rae Harcum
Keyword(s):  
Life Experiences ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Research Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Important Principle ◽  
Point Correlation ◽  
The Difference

An important principle to demonstrate in the first course in psychology is that correlation and causality are not the same. This note describes an apparatus useful in demonstrating the point: correlation does not necessarily imply causality. A black box contains a crank on one end and a flag on the other, without a connection between them. When the instructor overtly turns the crank and, in synchrony, covertly operates another mechanism to wave the flag, the students develop a strong delusion from the mere correlation of the two observed events that turning the crank causes the flag to wave. This demonstration becomes the basis for a discussion of this pitfall in interpreting both research data and life experiences.

scholarly journals The Right to Citizenship – Slovenia and Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Walters
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Important Principle ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Rule Changes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Citizenship Laws ◽  
The Impact

Most people across the world automatically assume citizenship at birth or acquire citizenship by descent or naturalisation. Since the growth of the concept of citizenship from the French and American Revolutions, it has become an important principle to the nation state and individual. Citizenship is the right to have rights. However, the right to citizenship is limited. In some cases when territorial rule changes the citizenship laws may exclude individuals resident in the territory. This article compares the development of the first citizenship laws in Australia and Slovenia, and the impact that these new laws had on the residents of both states. The first citizenship laws established by Australia were in 1948. More than forty years later in 1990, when Slovenia finally obtained independence from the former Yugoslavia, the new country was able to establish their own citizenship laws. The result of the Slovenian citizenship laws saw many former Yugoslav citizens who were resident in Slovenia being without citizenship of any state. Subsequently, these people were declared stateless. On the other hand, for Australia, the outcome was relatively smooth with the transition from British subjects to Australian citizenship.

Die Rahmung des Hintergrunds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Freytag
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
The Other ◽  
Late Work ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
The University

This work undertakes a systematic reconstruction of the debates that took place over the course of several decades up to the beginning of the 21st century between Derrida on the one hand and Searle and Habermas on the other. It shows that the linguistic theories and the theories of communicative understanding developed by Searle and Habermas are based on inferences from the contingent individual case to the general. Searle draws ontological, Habermas anthropo-political conclusions, both with essentially naturalistic signatures. Derrida, on the other hand, raises epistemological objections and consequently develops a metaphysics of free subjects for whom conversation cannot necessarlily be presumed. The explicit dedication to ethics in Derrida's late work is due to his insight that the possibility of language and understanding is due to silence. Derrida's lasting merit lies in enriching the philosophy of language with a secretology. This study has been awarded the Kant Prize of the Institute of Philosophy of the University of Bonn and the "Prix de la République Française", awarded by the French Embassy and the University of Bonn.

The Sharia Rulings about Letter of Credit in Imports and Exports

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Muhammad Nauman Khalid ◽  
Dr.Shafqat ullah khan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Formal Process ◽  
Letter Of Credit ◽  
Important Principle ◽  
The World ◽  
Financial Transactions

As you know Islam is permanent law of life it widely contains and provides rules, regulations and guidance for all departments of life. So Islam also provides pure guidance in a complete way to one of the most complicated and enhanced aspect of life that is Finance. On behalf of specific rules and regulations opens the door of easiness, equality and facilitations for business and financial deals with ability of safety of financial transactions over the world. One of important principle in business is Kafala. In financial matters, kafala means that if one party needs to own a debt and the other party need a trust for giving debt. Therefore, the first party provides guarantee means responsibility of paying back on due time and in case of any issues of return the guarantor will be responsible. For example in some situations merchants deals the deal in two different countries presenting the bank as a guarantor instead of individuals. The bank follows formal process named LC to become legal guarantor between parties. Following article contains different discussions like introduction of LC, its methods, types and Shariah issues related.

Vision of the Other

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Petrilli
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Mikhail Bakhtin ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Critic ◽  
Verbal Art ◽  
Philosophical Reflection ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Russian Philosopher ◽  
Literary Writing

This article describes how the pathways and modalities through which self-consciousness and self-valuation are reached are closely interdependent with the vision of others. But the vision of the other can never be known directly by any one of us, not even in the other's presence: even when I am in front of the gaze of the other, the other is always the other-for-me. Neither studies of the psychological or psychoanalytical orders, nor those conducted in the sphere of philosophical reflection oriented autonomously from other spheres can contribute to a semiotics of the image of self as this is construed interpreting the signs of the vision of the other. Literary writing above all can contribute in this sense. The Russian philosopher Mikhail Bakhtin resorts to literature, verbal art for his semiotics and philosophy of language and is often interpreted mistakenly as a literary critic precisely because of this. In this framework, he analyses the signs forming one's own image of self for each one of us, in the interlacement between I-for-myself, the other-for-me, I-for-the-other.

Referential Intentions

2019 ◽  
pp. 18-44
Author(s):  
Michael O'Rourke
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophy Of Action ◽  
Full Account ◽  
The One

This chapter presents a critical review of research on referential intentions, in the fields of philosophy, linguistics, and psychology, focusing both on what makes them referential and how they function as intentions. This project is distinctively philosophical—the concept referential intention combines elements of language with those of action, and a full account of it should blend theoretical work on reference in linguistics and the philosophy of language with theoretical work on intention in psychology and the philosophy of action. While such an account is beyond the scope of this chapter, the aim is to make progress toward it by outlining ways in which referential intentions are conceptually constrained by reference on the one side and intention on the other. The goal is to supply an overview of these states that does justice to their variety while introducing constraints on their implementation in semantic and pragmatic theories of natural language.

scholarly journals Verdade, interpretação e objetividade em Donald Davidson

2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Maria Arruda
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Propositional Attitudes ◽  
Donald Davidson ◽  
Radical Interpretation ◽  
Analytic Tradition ◽  
Philosophical Hermeneutic ◽  
Principle Of Charity ◽  
Radical Interpreter ◽  
Philosophical Importance

Donald Davidson foi um dos filósofos mais influentes da tradição analítica da segunda metade do século. A unidade de sua obra é constituída pelo papel central que reflexão sobre como podemos interpretar os proferimentos de um outro falante desempenha para a compreensão da natureza do significado. Davidson adota o ponto de vista metodológico de um intérprete que não pode pressupor nada sobre o significado das palavras de um falante e que não possui nenhum conhecimento detalhado de suas atitudes proposicionais. Neste artigo, eu apresento inicialmente a estrutura e os pressupostos da filosofia da linguagem de Davidson; passo depois a uma discussão sobre a importância do princípio de caridade para seu projeto interpretativo e, por fim, procuro apontar as diferenças do projeto de Davidson com a hermenêutica filosófica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE – Interpretação radical. Princípio de caridade. Hermenêutica. ABSTRACT Donald Davidson was one of the most influential philosophers in the analytic tradition in the last half of the twenthy century. The unity of his work lies in the central role that the reflection on how we are able to interpret the speech of another plays in undestanding the nature of meaning. Davidson adopts the standpoint of the interpreter of the speech of another whose evidence does not, at the outset, pressupose anything about what the speaker’s words mean or any datailed knowledge of his propositional attitudes. This is the position of the radical interpreter. In this paper, I begin with an account of the assumptions and structure of Davidson’s philosophy of language; after this I discuss the philosophical importance of the principle of charity for the theory of radical interpretation and, at the end, I compare Davidson’s interpretative project to the philosophical hermeneutic. KEY WORDS – Radical interpretation. Principle of charity. Hermeneutics.

scholarly journals Philosophical implications of Morris’ semiotic theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
Milos Bogdanovic
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Ontological Category ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Consistent Application ◽  
Semiotic Theory

The subject of this paper is Charles Morris? semiotic theory that has as one of its major projects the unification of all sciences of signs. However, since the above project has proven to be unsuccessful, we will try to examine here the reasons that led to this. Accordingly, we will argue that to transcend the particularities of individual disciplines that he wanted to unify, Morris had to make certain ontological assumptions, instead of theoretical and methodological ones, that they could share. However, because the ?sign? as an ontological category could in our view only be established if we follow the principles of the pragmatic philosophical tradition, we will try to show that the reasons for this failure should be primarily sought in different effects that consistent application of the pragmatic principles has in each of them (primarily in linguistics and the philosophy of language). On the other hand, this should enable us to draw several important conclusions regarding Morris? project: namely, that his failure does not have to mean giving up semiotics as a potentially key discipline in approaching some fundamental philosophical problems, but also that it would demand return to the original semiotics developed in Peirce?s works.

scholarly journals Is Self-Other distinction malleable? Egocentric and altercentric biases in empathy are modulated by priming attachment style and similarity mindsets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henryk Bukowski ◽  
Magdalena Boch ◽  
Claus Lamm ◽  
Giorgia Silani
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Style ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interpersonal Distance ◽  
Anxious Attachment ◽  
Affective Touch ◽  
Avoidant Attachment ◽  
Egocentric Bias ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experienced Emotion

Empathic abilities are increasingly shown to be modulated by interpersonal and contextual factors. However, causal evidence regarding self-other distinction abilities in empathy, as measured by egocentric and altercentric biases, is virtually non-existent. This study aimed to demonstrate how malleable such biases are by investigating the impact of two priming manipulations. Prior to completion of an affective touch task, experiment 1 primed a secure, avoidant, or anxious attachment style, whereas experiment 2 primed a similarities or dissimilarities focus. We predicted that, unlike affect sharing, self-other distinction benefits from interpersonal distance primed by avoidant attachment and dissimilarities focus. Experiment 1 revealed a modulation of the altercentric bias: the extent the other person’s feelings biased self-perspective judgments was significantly lower in the avoidant attachment group than in the secure and anxious attachment groups. Experiment 2 demonstrated that egocentric bias – the extent to which first-hand experienced emotion biases judgments of another person’s emotion – was significantly lower in the group primed with a similarities focus. These findings suggest that self-other distinction abilities in empathy are modulated by interpersonal and contextual factors, but in ways that differ from affect sharing (in Experiment 1), and non-affective self-other distinction (in Experiment 2).

scholarly journals Language and Its Limits: Meaning, Reference and the Ineffable in Buddhist Philosophy

Topoi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Blomberg ◽  
Przemysław Żywiczyński
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Buddhist Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Conceptual Thinking ◽  
Linguistic Description ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Buddhist Doctrine ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractBuddhist schools of thought share two fundamental assumptions about language. On the one hand, language (śabda) is identified with conceptual thinking (kalpanā), which according to the Buddhist doctrine (dharma) separates us from the momentary and fleeting nature of reality (satya, “truth”). Language is comprised of generally applicable forms, which fuel the reificatory proclivity for clinging to the distorted – and ultimately fictious – belief in substantial existence. On the other hand, the distrust of language is mitigated by the doctrine of ineffability (anirdeśya), which although asserts that reality is beyond the scope of linguistic description, submits that philosophical analyses of key Buddhist concepts is a means of overcoming the limitations that language imposes on our experience and facilitating insight into the nature of reality (bodhi). This paper provides an overview of Buddhist philosophy of language, with an emphasis on the dialectical view of language as indispensable but ultimately insufficient for contemplation. The Buddhist discussions of ineffability are explicated and compared with its treatment in modern Occidental thought, specifically the similarities and differences with Wittgenstein’s philosophy of language.

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