scholarly journals Impact of technology on Translation and Translation Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-361
Author(s):  
Yves Gambier
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Attitudes And Perceptions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
Multimodal Communications

The landscape in translation and interpreting is changing deeply and rapidly. For a long time, but not necessarily everywhere, translation was denied as a need (except for the political and religious powers), as effort (translation being defined as a kind of mechanical work, as substitution of words), and as a profession (translators embodying a subaltern position). Technology is bringing in certain changes in attitudes and perceptions with regards international, multilingual and multimodal communications. This article tries to define the changes and their consequences in the labelling and characterisation of the different practices. It is organised in five sections: first, we recall that translation and interpreting are only one option in international relations; then, we explain the different denials of translation in the past (or the refusal to recognize the different values of translation). In the third section, we consider how and to what extent technology is transforming today practices and markets. The ongoing changes do not boil solely to developments in Machine Translation (which started in the 1960s): community, crowdsourced/collaborative translation and volunteer translation encompass different practices. In many cases, users provide their own translations, with or without formal qualifications in translation. The evolution is not only technical but also economic and social. In addition, the fragmentation and the diversity of practices do have an impact on a multi-faceted market. In the fourth section, we emphasize that there are nowadays different concepts of translation and competitive paradigms in Translation Studies. Finally, we tackle the organisational challenge of the field, since the institutionalisation of translation and Translation Studies cannot remain the same as when there was a formal consensus on the concept of translation.

Germany and Russia Since Reunification: Continuity, Change, and the Role of Leaders

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The Political ◽  
German Reunification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personal Relations ◽  
Economic Trends ◽  
Economic Ties

How can we understand German-Russian relations since German reunification? Both the geopolitical positions of the two states and the political and economic ties between them have been transformed over the past twentyfive years. This paper will argue, however, that the role of the two countries’ leaders in shaping these relations has been surprisingly important. Building on the tradition of “first image” analysis in international relations, this paper shows that, along with larger political and economic trends, personal relations between these leaders have helped to set the tenor of bilateral ties. When the leaders were able to build trust and personal friendships, relations improved. Yet more recently, since 2012, relations have soured sharply. While there are obviously larger reasons for this, more negative personal ties between leaders have also played an important role. In short, just as issues of trust and friendship matter in personal ties, they also matter in International Relations.

DINAMIKA KEBIJAKAN TENTANG PERIKANAN DAN TRANSFORMASI BUDAYA NELAYAN PANTAI UTARA JAWA

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Sutejo K. Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fish ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The Political ◽  
Salted Fish ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
Dried Fish ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Colonial Government

Rice and fish could be complementing each other as human primary needs for nutrition. However, both these commodities have a history with the opposite. Although Java island is surrounded by the waters of the sea, in the past the population in meeting the needs of fish, mainly marine fish, mostly done by the fishermen who brought in fish catches from other areas or imported, in the form of salted fish and dried fish, since the Dutch colonial government and gradually began to set the political self-sufficient self-reliance in the 1960s. This article discusses the dynamics of policy on fishing in the north coast of Java, with a historical approach with a span of years 1900 to 2000.

scholarly journals History Education and the Claims of Society

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Verschaffel ◽  
Kaat Wils
Keyword(s):  
Recent Article ◽  
History Education ◽  
The Political ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
National Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Dutch History

The political use and instrumentalization of history is a central theme within the historiography of history education. Neither history nor education is a politically neutral domain; history education is and has always been a highly politicized phenomenon. For his recent article on the development of history education in England, Germany, and the Netherlands throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Dutch history didactician Arie Wilschut chose the significant title, “History at the Mercy of Politicians and Ideologies.” History education, Wilschut argues, has, in all three countries, continually—with a short break in the 1960s and 1970s—been instrumentalized by national politics to the detriment of unbiased interpretations of the past.

International relations in Spanish physics from 1900 to the Cold War

2002 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joséé M. Sáánchez-Ron
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Civil War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Physical Sciences ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Cold War

This paper studies the tactics developed in Spain to improve the country's scientific capacity over most of the 20th century. Early in the 20th century, Spain sought to raise its low scientific standing by establishing relations with foreign scientists. The tactics changed according to the political situation. The first part of the paper covers the period from 1900 to the Civil War (1936-39); the second examines consequences of the conflict for physical scientists in Spain; and the third analyzes the growth of physical sciences in Franco's Spain following the Civil War, a period in which the United States exerted special influence.

Radicalism in the Argentine Catholic Church

1975 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Deiner
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Third World ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Visible Effect ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Third World ◽  
The Church

ON 11 MAY 1974 FATHER MUGICA, A LEADING SPOKESMAN OF THE Movement of Priests for the Third World (MPTW) and a pro- Peronist, was machine-gunned to death as he left his church in a working-class neighbourhood after celebrating mass. Once again the Catholic Church in Argentina called for peace and understanding as the proper path for Argentines, and the MPTW issued a long statement condemning the use of violence. Nevertheless, the common pleas by the two factions of the Church in Argentina have had little visible effect in stopping the violence through which Argentina is now suffering. In order to understand how the political and doctrinal differences from within the Church in Argentina have influenced in the past and will continue to influence the political developments in Argentina it is first necessary to look at the background of the problem.

scholarly journals Kapturing Kakuma : the commodification of refugees and participatory communication alternatives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Strecker
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Third World ◽  
Refugee Camp ◽  
The Political ◽  
Participatory Communication ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Historical Photographs

Over the past 50 years, the image of statelessness has shifted from heroic European refugees to depictions of nameless, impoverished refugees from the 'Third World'. Although this shift apparently stems from noble intentions, the image of the 'vulnerable refugee' has stripped refugees of agency and expressive rights. The photographs published by The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has employed this vulnerability frame in order to lobby for western aid by presenting an easily digestible discourse, congruent with Western ideology. The UNHCR has thus commodified refugees in order to ensure funding from western donors. This paper challenges this commodification by presenting a comparative analysis of the UNHCR's historical photographs, and images produced through a participatory photography project conducted in the Kenyan Kakuma Refugee Camp. This project shifts the conventional illustrative refugee discourse by identifying and rejecting the political and economic frameworks that have institutionalized the voiceless and commodified refugee.

National, supranational, international: New Belgrade and the symbolic construction of a socialist capital

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kulić
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Soviet Bloc ◽  
Federal State ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
The West ◽  
The Third ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Communist Government

The construction of New Belgrade as the new capital of socialist Yugoslavia was the most symbolic modernizing act initiated by the country's communist government. Yet, its precise meanings were suspended between the complicated and permanently transitory concepts of socialist Yugoslavia's federalism and its international aspirations. Focusing on three characteristic “snapshots” of the city's physical development, this paper analyzes how New Belgrade and its most important buildings represented the shifting concepts of socialist Yugoslavia as a multiethnic community and its even more changeable place in the world. The first snapshot deals with the years immediately following World War II, during which New Belgrade was conceived as the seat of a centralized Stalinist state in close alliance with the USSR. The second deals with the effects of Yugoslavia's break from the Soviet bloc in 1948, especially its rapprochement with the West and the start of the decentralization of the federal state. Finally, the third explores the late socialist period: the dwindling of New Belgrade's role as the political heart of the federation, and at the same time its emergence as a locus of Yugoslavia's ambition to play a leading role in international relations, especially through its activity in the Non-Aligned Movement.

Introduction: ‘The UFOs Are Coming!’

2016 ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Jon Towlson
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
New Age ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
The Political ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
The Third ◽  
Close Encounters ◽  
Alien Abduction

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Steven Spielberg's Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). Close Encounters is a UFO movie that arose from a resurgence of ufology in the 1970s, which coincided with the growth of New Age movements, mysticism, alien-abduction cults, and an increasing belief in conspiracy theories. The film speaks to Utopianism, the belief within international relations theory that war can be eliminated either by perfecting man or by perfecting government. Utopianism is, of course, a key concept in science fiction. The chapter then looks at Jack Kroll's review of Close Encounters, which demonstrates how so many of the political criticisms surrounding the film stem from the time of its initial reception, and how its cultural denotation as ‘transcendent’ science fiction was immediately recognised and accepted by some — but not all — critics. The chapter also details the synopsis of the film.

Section II. Prospects for North America and Japan

1999 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Nigel Pain ◽  
Paul Ashworth
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Current Account Deficit ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Equity Markets ◽  
The United States ◽  
Output Growth ◽  
Price Inflation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 1960S

Economic growth remains robust in the United States. Output growth is projected to be around 4 per cent this year, for the third year in succession. IMF estimates suggest that the present expansion will become the longest on record if maintained until February of next year. Private sector demand is continuing to expand rapidly, underpinned by the sizable gains in equity markets over the past few years. Underlying price inflation has remained quiescent, helped by continued above-trend growth in productivity at a time when the unemployment rate has fallen to levels last seen in the 1960s. Even so, there are some emerging signs of overheating in the economy, with the current account deficit projected to rise to 4 per cent of GDP in the latter half of this year. Some favourable transitory factors which have helped contain inflationary pressures, such as the appreciation of the dollar and weak commodity prices, also now appear to have come to an end.

Still critical after all these years? The past, present and future of Critical Theory in International Relations

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. 3-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICHOLAS RENGGER ◽  
BEN THIRKELL-WHITE
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Rand Corporation ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Theoretical Reflection

Twenty-five years ago, theoretical reflection on International Relations (IR) was dominated by three broad discourses. In the United States the behavioural revolution of the 1950s and 1960s had helped to create a field that was heavily influenced by various assumptions allegedly derived from the natural sciences. Of course, variety existed within the behaviourist camp. Some preferred the heavily quantitative approach that had become especially influential in the 1960s, while others were exploring the burgeoning literature of rational and public choice, derived from the game theoretic approaches pioneered at the RAND corporation. Perhaps the most influential theoretical voice of the late 1970s, Kenneth Waltz, chose neither; instead he developed his Theory of International Politics around an austere conception of parsimony and systems derived from his reading in contemporary philosophy of science.

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