Schoolchildren about STEM professions: General and gender-specific representations

The persistent gender imbalance in the labor market - both in Russia and globally - is largely formed during the school years as the period of the development of professional preferences and human capital. The article presents the views of schoolchildren on various aspects of the STEM school subjects, including their common interests, attitudes to the STEM teaching, their role in choosing a career related to STEM, and the ideas of schoolchildren about jobs related to STEM. The authors refer to the Soviet experience of overcoming gender inequality in the labor market, in particular, by helping women to get the industrial and specialized technical education. The results of the search study show that for the majority of girls, especially those not engaged in special education projects focused on STEM, school profile lessons do not contribute to changing gender representations of professions. The authors argue that to change these gender representations we need classes focused not on the academic achievements but on the practical features of professions that are in demand in the labor market. Such an experience is necessary for it is impossible to choose the most promising career if you do not know about it or if you are convinced that you would not cope with a particular job. At the same time, the schoolchildren should understand that some of todays professions have very short future, for instance, due to the inevitable consequences of automation. The schoolchildrens positioning of all professions as gender-neutral can be used for a positive study of career-related challenges and for designing career-guidance activities as taking into account those aspects that are essential for girls and boys, even if at the moment they are perceived negatively.

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Is Spanish Becoming more Gender Fair? A Historical Perspective on the Interpretation of Gender-specific and Gender-neutral Expressions

Linguistik Online ◽

10.13092/lo.58.241 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Uwe Kjær Nissen

Keyword(s):

Public Discourse ◽

Native Speakers ◽

Change Over Time ◽

Gender Representations ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Gender Neutral ◽

And Gender ◽

Male Image ◽

Gender Specific ◽

Over Time

During the last three decades, many recommendations for a gender fair Spanish language have been proposed, but, generally speaking, it has been the substitution of the so-called 'masculine generic' (e.g. los profesores 'the teachers [masc.]') by gender neutral (e.g. el pro¬fesorado 'the staff of teachers) or explicit references (e.g. los profesores y (las) profesoras 'the teachers [masc. and fem., resp.]') which has been favoured. Two important assumptions are implicit in these recommendations. First, the sentences containing the masculine forms would lead to associations primarily to men (thus leaving women 'invisible'), whereas sentences containing either the gender-neutral forms or the gender-explicit references would evoke a generic association. Second, the associations between form and mental representation are considered inalterable and unlikely to change over time. This paper intends to interrogate these assumptions by means of two questionnaire investigations that were carried out in Spain in 1995 and 2005 in which native speakers of Spanish were asked to complete specific filler sentences. The results of both investigations demonstrate that there is no clear-cut correspondence between certain linguistic forms and the mental (gender-) representations evoked in peoples' minds. For example, a masculine form is not automatically connected with a male image. The investigation also shows that some associations significantly change over time; for example, a clear male bias of the masculine form in the first study seems to have vanished within a time span of ten years. With respect to another aim of the gender fair recommendations - namely to make women more visible in public discourse – the investigations show that this, indeed, is best achieved by explicitly referring to women. Interestingly, this result appears to be stable over time. Altogether, it seems justifiable to conclude that the assumptions underlying the recommendations for a gender fair language can be challenged. At any rate, it is important to point out that these assumptions are subject to change over time - at least within politically influenced language matters – and perhaps faster than has been expected.

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VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND CAREER GUIDANCE AS A TOOL FOR FORECASTING AND REGULATING THE LABOR MARKET

Economy and Society ◽

10.32782/2524-0072/2018-19-138 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N.L. Sapelnikova ◽

G.I. Reshetova

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Vocational Education ◽

Career Guidance

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1603-P: Changes in Age- and Gender-Specific All-Cause Mortality Rates and Ratios in People with T2DM in Hungary between 2001-2016: A Nationwide Cohort Study

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db20-1603-p ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 1603-P

Author(s):

GYORGY JERMENDY ◽

ZOLTAN KISS ◽

GYÖRGY ROKSZIN ◽

IBOLYA FÁBIÁN ◽

ISTVAN WITTMANN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Age And Gender ◽

All Cause Mortality ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Specific

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Ageing and telomeres: a study into organ- and gender-specific telomere shortening.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1011694.184749 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

Guy Laurent

Keyword(s):

Telomere Shortening ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Specific

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Sex and Gender Differences in Rilpivirine based ART - Data from the HIVCENTER Frankfurt

Current HIV Research ◽

10.2174/1570162x17666191104112557 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

pp. 368-374

Author(s):

G. Schüttfort ◽

K. Philipp ◽

P. de Leuw ◽

E. Herrmann ◽

G. Kann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Odds Ratio ◽

Virologic Failure ◽

Response Rates ◽

Virologic Response ◽

Close Monitoring ◽

Sex And Gender ◽

Overall Response ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Specific

Objectives: While Rilpivirine has shown high overall response rates in treatment-naïve patients without sex and gender specific differences in clinical trials, Sex and gender specific data in treatment experienced patients receiving rilpivirine are still limited. We conducted a 48 week efficacy and safety analysis in naïve and treatment experienced men and women using retrospective data from the HIVCENTER Frankfurt. Materials and methods: In this retrospective observational study data of all patients who received a rilpivirine based regimen at the HIVCENTER between March 2011 and December 2015 were analyzed. Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with any discontinuation until week 48. Virologic response rates (FDA snapshot analysis; HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL) were assessed at week 48. Results: 194 patients (34% female) were included in the analysis. 74% were treatment-experienced and 26% naïve, respectively. Discontinuations were observed in 31 (15.9%) patients. Regarding sex differences, the proportion of discontinuations was significantly higher in women than in men (24.2% vs. 11.7%; p=0.024; ODDS-Ratio = 2.41; CI 1.12 – 5.18). Virologic failure occurred in 8 PLWHIV (4.1%). Conclusions: While virologic overall response rates to rilpivirine based ART were high for both treatment-experienced and -naïve patients the proportion of discontinuations was significantly higher in women (24.2% vs. 11.7%; p = 0.024; ODDS-Ratio = 2.41; CI 1.12 – 5.18). Although the total number of patients with virologic failure was low (4.1%), the higher rate of ART discontinuations in female patients receiving RPV require close monitoring in the first months of treatment addressing special needs of women living with HIV.

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The Prevalence and Patterns of Palmaris Longus Muscle Absence in an Iranian Population

International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Forensic Medicine ◽

10.32598/ijmtfm.v9i4.26515 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 279-282

Author(s):

Mehdi Forouzesh ◽

Abdolrazagh Barzegar ◽

Fardin Fallah

Keyword(s):

Gender Difference ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Tendon Graft ◽

Iranian Population ◽

Geographical Variability ◽

Palmaris Longus ◽

Longus Muscle ◽

Palmaris Longus Muscle ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Specific

Palmaris Longus (PL) is a muscle of the forearm, i.e., not functionally necessary and does not exist in all people. It is a choice for tendon graft and investigating its prevalence is of clinical importance. During April-October 2009, 102 cadavers (78 males, 24 females) were bilaterally necropsied for PL exploration in Zanjan City, Iran. PL Absence (PLA) was observed in 37 (36.3%) cases (28 males, 9 females). PLA prevalence was similar in men (36%) and women (37.5%). Of PLA cases, 19 (51%) were unilateral (14 males, 5 females), and 18 (49%) were bilateral (14 males, 4 females). In conclusion, PLA prevalence of 36.3% in our population was similar to other studies conducted in Iran. We found no gender difference in PLA prevalence and its patterns. Due to geographical variability in PLA rate, future regional and national studies with more magnificent sample sizes are recommended to determine the prevalence and gender-specific patterns of PLA.

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The Tinder Games: Collective mobile dating app use and gender conforming behavior

Mobile Media & Communication ◽

10.1177/20501579211005001 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 205015792110050

Author(s):

Sabrina Sobieraj ◽

Lee Humphreys

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Focus Group ◽

Research Approach ◽

Social Phenomena ◽

Social Nature ◽

Dating Apps ◽

The Social ◽

And Gender ◽

Multi Phase ◽

Gender Specific

Mobile dating apps like Tinder became very popular among young adults, and, in contrast to mobile dating websites, they were designed to create a more game-like experience. While it is well documented that seeking entertainment is one core motivation for mobile dating app use, the social nature of entertainment has garnered less attention. Therefore, in this paper we draw on research on entertainment in dating apps and the socio-physical contexts of use to identify patterned behaviors of heterosexual users. To do this, we employed a qualitative multi-phase research approach. First, we conducted 20 interviews with mobile dating app users. Based on the findings from that study, we conducted gender-specific focus groups and a discourse analysis to explore the social phenomena identified in phase one. Our findings suggest the fun of mobile dating is not just interacting with potential matches through the apps, but the use of the apps among one’s friends. These “dating games” are entertaining, but importantly mitigate potential social or physical risks of mobile dating. Unsurprisingly, notions of “play” across the interview, focus group, and discourse analyses reflect highly gendered practices surrounding mobile dating apps and different risks associated with such games.

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Developing waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio percentile curves for Pakistani children and adolescents aged 2–18 years using Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2019-0527 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (8) ◽

pp. 983-993 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Asif ◽

Muhammad Aslam ◽

Saima Altaf ◽

Sajid Mustafa

Keyword(s):

Waist Circumference ◽

Central Obesity ◽

The Other ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Percentile Curves ◽

Lms Method ◽

Waist To Height Ratio ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Specific

AbstractObjectivesChildren from different countries and with different ethnic backgrounds have a distinct pattern of central fat deposition. Therefore, it is essential to develop population-specific percentiles of waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and waist-to-height ratio exponent (WHtR (exp)) for the evaluation of central obesity. The objective of this study was to develop age-and-gender-specific smoothed WC and WHtR percentile curves for the Pakistani children and adolescents aged 2–18 years.MethodsA cross-sectional data-set from a multi-ethnic anthropometric survey was considered. A sample of 10,668 healthy subjects (boys = 51.92%; and girls = 48.08%), aged 2–18 years was studied. Height (cm) and WC (cm) of each subject was measured under standard procedure and WHtR & WHtR (exp) were calculated. Age-and-gender-specific smoothed curves were obtained using the lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method and compared with percentile curves obtained from different countries.ResultsExcept few early ages, the WC values increased with age in both sexes. Both boys and girls had approximately similar WC during 6–11 years of age and after age of 11, the boys had larger WC than the girls had. For WHtR, the centile curves showed a continuous decrease by 16 years of age and then increased gradually. WHtR of the girls in various ages were having similar or higher than those of the boys. In comparison of WC 50th and 90th percentiles with other countries, it was found that except few ages, the Pakistani children had larger WC than the other reference populations and the results of WHtR were also comparable to the other nations.ConclusionsWe present new reference data of WC, WHtR and WHtR (exp) using a representative sample of the Pakistani children aged 2–18 years. These reference values can be used provisionally for early detection of central obesity and its associated risks in the Pakistani children.

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