scholarly journals Is Spanish Becoming more Gender Fair? A Historical Perspective on the Interpretation of Gender-specific and Gender-neutral Expressions

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Kjær Nissen
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Male Image ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Over Time

During the last three decades, many recommendations for a gender fair Spanish language have been proposed, but, generally speaking, it has been the substitution of the so-called 'masculine generic' (e.g. los profesores 'the teachers [masc.]') by gender neutral (e.g. el pro¬fesorado 'the staff of teachers) or explicit references (e.g. los profesores y (las) profesoras 'the teachers [masc. and fem., resp.]') which has been favoured. Two important assumptions are implicit in these recommendations. First, the sentences containing the masculine forms would lead to associations primarily to men (thus leaving women 'invisible'), whereas sentences containing either the gender-neutral forms or the gender-explicit references would evoke a generic association. Second, the associations between form and mental representation are considered inalterable and unlikely to change over time. This paper intends to interrogate these assumptions by means of two questionnaire investigations that were carried out in Spain in 1995 and 2005 in which native speakers of Spanish were asked to complete specific filler sentences. The results of both investigations demonstrate that there is no clear-cut correspondence between certain linguistic forms and the mental (gender-) representations evoked in peoples' minds. For example, a masculine form is not automatically connected with a male image. The investigation also shows that some associations significantly change over time; for example, a clear male bias of the masculine form in the first study seems to have vanished within a time span of ten years. With respect to another aim of the gender fair recommendations - namely to make women more visible in public discourse – the investigations show that this, indeed, is best achieved by explicitly referring to women. Interestingly, this result appears to be stable over time. Altogether, it seems justifiable to conclude that the assumptions underlying the recommendations for a gender fair language can be challenged. At any rate, it is important to point out that these assumptions are subject to change over time - at least within politically influenced language matters – and perhaps faster than has been expected.

scholarly journals Representations of Gender-Diverse Characters in Adventure Time and Steven Universe

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Abigail S. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Children's Television ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Television Shows ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Television Representation

Television is a strong educational and socializing agent for children. Watching television can teach children appropriate language and vocabulary to use, as well as the social norms about gender behaviors or activities. Previous research on gender representations in children’s television has been limited to studying male and female characters because children’s programming has historically presented audiences with cisgender characters (e.g., boy and girls). Recently, television shows aimed at children have provided audiences with nonbinary and gender-diverse characters. This study is the first exploratory content analysis, to my knowledge, to examine the portrayal and representation of nonbinary and gender-diverse characters in children’s television. The current study examined the gender-neutral pronoun and gendered language use toward nonbinary and gender-diverse characters, as well as the portrayal of these characters as leaders, and with special skills in Adventure Time and Steven Universe. Overall, nonbinary and gender-diverse characters were portrayed as strong, positive, characters, and were represented similarly to their cisgender counterparts. This represents a promising shift toward more inclusive and equitable television representation, which may lead to the acceptance and appropriate use of gender-neutral pronouns toward peers by cisgender children, and the feeling of visibility and validation by nonbinary children. Future research should examine the impacts of these characters on viewers. RELEVANCE STATEMENT: As children’s television becomes more diverse it has the potential to positively impact the lives of cisgender (e.g., boys and girls) and nonbinary children. Because television has the potential to influence young children, gender-diverse representations in children’s television may lead to children developing more accepting attitudes and behaviors toward nonbinary peers.

scholarly journals Assessing Recovery and Establishing Prognosis Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah M Kennedy ◽  
Paul W Stratford ◽  
Daniel L Riddle ◽  
Steven E Hanna ◽  
Jeffrey D Gollish
Keyword(s):  
Total Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Total Knee ◽  
Preoperative Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

Background and PurposeInformation about expected rate of change after arthroplasty is critical for making prognostic decisions related to rehabilitation. The goals of this study were: (1) to describe the pattern of change in lower-extremity functional status of patients over a 1-year period after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and (2) to describe the effect of preoperative functional status on change over time.SubjectsEighty-four patients (44 female, 40 male) with osteoarthritis, mean age of 66 years (SD=9), participated.MethodsRepeated measurements for the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) were taken over a 1-year period. Data were plotted to examine the pattern of change over time. Different models of recovery were explored using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling that accounted for preoperative status and gender.ResultsGrowth curves were generated that depict the rate and amount of change in LEFS scores and 6MWT distances up to 1 year following TKA. The curves account for preoperative status and gender differences across participants.Discussion and ConclusionThe greatest improvement occurred in the first 12 weeks after TKA. Slower improvement continued to occur from 12 weeks to 26 weeks after TKA, and little improvement occurred beyond 26 weeks after TKA. The findings can be used by physical therapists to make prognostic judgments related to the expected rate of improvement following TKA and the total amount of improvement that may be expected.

Abstract 145: Is the Rate of Ischemic Stroke Incidence Changing Differentially Over Time for Women and Men?

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane C Khoury ◽  
Brett Kissela ◽  
Heidi Sucharew ◽  
Kathleen Alwell ◽  
Charles Moomaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Stroke Prevalence ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Specific ◽  
Over Time

Background: A surge of midlife (age 55-64 years) stroke in women, and not in men, has previously been reported using prevalence data from NHANES. However it is not clear if this same finding would be seen within age- and gender-specific incidence rates of stroke. We sought to examine the incidence of ischemic (IS) stroke and the gender-specific trends over time in a population-based study of stroke epidemiology. Methods: Data from the population-based Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky epidemiology of stroke study for adults (≥ 20 years) was used from three collection periods; 7/1993 to 6/1994, 1999, and 2005. We compared the IS stroke incidence rates in women versus men between the three study periods, in particular for the ages 35 to 65 years. Sex specific age, and race adjusted incidence rates and race adjusted, age and gender specific incidence rates were estimated and adjusted to the 2000 US population. Results: A total of 5166 incident IS strokes were identified: 1709 from 7/1993 to 6/1994, 1778 from 1999, and 1679 from 2005. These were 56% female, 18% black; mean age was 71.4 (13.7) years. Overall, IS stroke incidence declined in both women and men in 2005 compared to the previous time periods (p<0.01). However, there was a significant increase over time in stroke incidence seen in both men and women in the younger age groups in 2005, compared with 1993/94 (p<0.05). Conclusions: We found that stroke incidence is not changing differently over time for men and women. There has been an increase in IS stroke incidence in the young, but this is found in both men and women. The previously reported “surge” in middle-aged stroke prevalence may be related in part to increased rates of stroke in the young, with survival to middle-age, but our incidence findings do not explain the reported difference in prevalence found between women and men in the NHANES cohort.

Examining Gender-Specific and Gender-Neutral Risk Factors in Women Who Sexually Offend

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan A. Marshall ◽  
Holly A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Sexually Offended ◽  
Victimization History ◽  
Gender Specific

Research on justice-involved women has provided evidence for the importance of using gender-specific information in the assessment, treatment, and understanding of criminal pathways and risk of recidivism in women who have committed offenses. Although research on women who have sexually offended suggests there are differences between men and women who sexually offend, no studies have compared gender-specific and gender-neutral factors to predict recidivism with this group. The current study provided an examination of gender-specific and gender-neutral recidivism risk factors in a sample of 225 women who had sexually offended and were subsequently released from custody with an average follow-up time of about 5 years. Results of the study indicate gender-specific factors, such as mental illness symptoms and victimization history, are demonstrative of risk of reoffense in women who sexually offend. These findings provide implications for future research regarding risk assessment and more effective application of treatment for this understudied population.

scholarly journals EFL Learners’ Knowledge and Use of Gender Stereotypes: Evidence from Arabic Native Speakers

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 632
Author(s):  
Nawal Alzahrani ◽  
Shelia M. Kennison
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native English Speakers ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Gender Specific

<p><em>The research explored EFL learners’ knowledge and use of gender stereotypes of common English nouns (e.g., doctor and nurse). In the study, we compared how EFL learners living in Saudi Arabia and native English speakers rated 24 nouns that can be used to refer to either males or females and how they interpreted sentences containing the gender-specific pronouns his and her preceded by one of the three types of these nouns (i.e., male stereotyped, female stereotyped, or gender neutral). The results showed that performance for EFL learners differed from native speakers’ in both tasks. EFL learners rated nouns as generally referring to males more often than did native English speakers. EFL learners were also significantly less likely to interpret her and his as referring to the preceding noun than were native English speakers. The results suggest that in EFL courses, learners are likely to benefit from explicit coverage of gender ambiguous English nouns and the topic of gender stereotyping as an important aspect of vocabulary knowledge.</em></p>

scholarly journals Καλημέρα, kalimera or kalhmera?

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-262
Author(s):  
Evgenia Mouresioti ◽  
Marina Terkourafi
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Attitude Research ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Language Attitude ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Although language attitudes are frequently investigated, how these attitudes change over time is studied less frequently, despite providing an interesting window into the link between attitudes and ideologies. Conducted some twenty years since the first studies on this topic, the current study provides an updated perspective into language attitudes toward the use of Roman-alphabeted Greek (henceforth, Greeklish) in emails and SMS messages exchanged between Greek native speakers. Adapting the matched guise methodology commonly used in language attitude research to visual stimuli, we collected data from 60 participants of different ages and genders. Overall, their attitudes toward Greeklish were markedly negative, confirming negative attitudes already expressed twenty years prior but also extending them. We propose that technological and demographic but also ideological factors underlie the negative attitudes toward Greeklish expressed by Greek native speakers today.

scholarly journals ACEH: EXPLORING THE AFTERMATH OF 2004 TSUNAMI FROM GENDER DIMENSIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Sorang Afril Srihayati Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Feminization Of Poverty ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Aceh Province ◽  
Gendered Roles ◽  
And Gender ◽  
2004 Tsunami ◽  
Gender Specific

This paper aims to analyse the greatest gender-specific dimensions toward women in the case of the tsunami that hit Aceh Province in Indonesia in 2004. Using three gender dimensions, which are gender identity, gender structure and gender symbolism, it argues that this catastrophe was not gender-neutral and its impacts could be shown in four conditions of women; which were women’s worsened insecurity and vulnerability, the feminization of poverty, the presence of “tsunami marriage”, and the reinforced gendered roles. The concept of ‘intersectionality’ is useful to show the heterogeneous identity of women and how they were impacted by the disastrous event. It concludes that the 2004 tsunami brought many changes in the lives of both men and women in Aceh and worsened the inequalities between them.   Keywords: Aceh, women, tsunami, gender dimensions     Abstrak   Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dimensi-dimensi terbesar yang spesifik-gender dalam kasus tsunami yang melanda Provinsi Aceh di Indonesia pada tahun 2004. Menggunakan tiga dimensi gender, yakni identitas gender, struktur gender dan simbolisme gender, tulisan ini menyatakan bahwa bencana ini tidaklah netral-gender dan dampaknya dapat ditunjukkan dalam empat kondisi perempuan; yaitu ketidakamanan dan kerentanan perempuan yang semakin memburuk, feminisasi kemiskinan, munculnya “pernikahan tsunami”, dan peran-peran berbasis gender yang semakin menguat. Konsep ‘interseksionalitas’ berguna dalam memperlihatkan identitas heterogen perempuan dan bagaimana mereka terkena imbas dari peristiwa bencana tersebut. Tulisan ini berkesimpulan bahwa tsunami di tahun 2004 itu membawa banyak perubahan dalam hidup laki-laki dan perempuan di Aceh, serta memperburuk ketimpangan di antara mereka.   Kata Kunci: Aceh, perempuan, tsunami, dimensi gender

scholarly journals Schoolchildren about STEM professions: General and gender-specific representations

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-252
Author(s):  
E. M. Kolesnikova ◽  
I. A. Kudenko
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Career Guidance ◽  
Gender Representations ◽  
Positive Study ◽  
School Subjects ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Stem Teaching ◽  
Gender Specific

The persistent gender imbalance in the labor market - both in Russia and globally - is largely formed during the school years as the period of the development of professional preferences and human capital. The article presents the views of schoolchildren on various aspects of the STEM school subjects, including their common interests, attitudes to the STEM teaching, their role in choosing a career related to STEM, and the ideas of schoolchildren about jobs related to STEM. The authors refer to the Soviet experience of overcoming gender inequality in the labor market, in particular, by helping women to get the industrial and specialized technical education. The results of the search study show that for the majority of girls, especially those not engaged in special education projects focused on STEM, school profile lessons do not contribute to changing gender representations of professions. The authors argue that to change these gender representations we need classes focused not on the academic achievements but on the practical features of professions that are in demand in the labor market. Such an experience is necessary for it is impossible to choose the most promising career if you do not know about it or if you are convinced that you would not cope with a particular job. At the same time, the schoolchildren should understand that some of todays professions have very short future, for instance, due to the inevitable consequences of automation. The schoolchildrens positioning of all professions as gender-neutral can be used for a positive study of career-related challenges and for designing career-guidance activities as taking into account those aspects that are essential for girls and boys, even if at the moment they are perceived negatively.

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