scholarly journals Role of Iranian immigrants in Iran - Russia trade development

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-705
Author(s):  
Mehdi Afzali
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Home Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Iranian Immigrants ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Transactional Costs

Migration and international trade are two important dimensions of globalization. Migration plays an important role in development of countries. Immigrants send their remittances, ideas, innovation and investments to their home countries. Migrants can influence on countries’ trade, they are able to decrease the transactional costs for companies willing to trade. In this article has been tried to study the case of Iranian immigrants in Russia. We can see that Iranians have migrated mostly to developed countries such as USA, Europe, Australia, Canada and part of them have migrated to the Persian Gulf countries. And of course many of these immigrants have high levels of economic, human, social, and cultural potential, which can be used for social and economic development of the country. Iranians have migrated to two kinds of countries. First, those who are developed and second those with high income which have the potential of trade with Iran. When we look at these two groups they either migrated to American and European countries, which this group has a high educated and human capital background or they migrated to neighbor Persian Gulf countries that they have mostly strong economic backgrounds which increased the chance of trade. In this article Iranian businessmen have been interviewed and they have explained their roles in trade, and if they had any advantages in comparison with those in the home country.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE GULF COUNTRIES AND THE ROLE OF DIVERSIFICATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 106-116
Author(s):  
Liudmila V. Shkvarya ◽  
◽  
Sergey I. Rodin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Persian Gulf

He article presents an analysis of the socio-economic development of the GCC in 2000-2019 as the basis for the formation of a high-tech segment in the regional economy. The authors substantiate the necessity and possibility of high-tech development of the countries of the region and the remaining problems. The authors found that there are tangible achievements in the Persian Gulf countries, such as the emergence of high — and medium-tech industries. Their active development provides the GCC countries with relative stability in the economy and social sphere. The authors of this article note that the hydrocarbon segment still plays an important role in the implementation of the tasks of socio-economic development of the Persian Gulf countries, which, in the context of population growth, including the share of young people, requires new approaches to the formation of the economic structure from the countries of the region.

Conventional Legal Regulation of Value-Added Taxation by the Member States of the Gulf Cooperation Counci

2021 ◽  
pp. 232-238
Author(s):  
Dmitry G. Bachurin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Gulf Cooperation Council ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
The Common ◽  
National Tax ◽  
The Persian Gulf

The article discusses the legal aspects of supranational legal regulation of value added taxation in the Persian Gulf countries. The novelty of the research lies in the comparative aspect of the legal study of supranational law on the value-added tax in the Gulf countries, which allows formulating fundamentally new characteristics and interpretations that extend the theoretical and legal views on the legal mechanism of VAT, and analyzing the key provisions of the legal regulation of VAT of the states that are parties to the Common VAT Agreement. The issues of the Agreement for the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, as well as acts of national legislation on this tax, were studied. The analysis of the provisions of the Agreement allows concluding that the tax instrument this Agreement regulates can be classified as a type of neutral legal regulation of value-added taxation. Its peculiarity is that the country for one reason or another introduces VAT into the national tax system with minimal tax rates and continues to keep it at a low level that does not have a restraining effect on the development of its own industry. This is the reference point for the Common VAT Agreement for the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The research shows that the supranational legislation of the Persian Gulf countries covers the most complex and fundamentally significant issues of legal regulation of value-added taxation, which developed taking into account the accumulated world experience in the administration of this tax. Conclusions have been obtained that the main direction of the adopted supranational legislation is the creation of a unified legal framework for the development of a coordinated legal regulation of VAT in each of the six Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The definitions of concepts that are crucial for VAT regulation are given, among which the following can be distinguished: reverse VAT accrual, input tax, deductible tax, net tax, mandatory registration threshold, voluntary registration threshold, and tax group. In the final part of the work, it is concluded that the second regional system of legal regulation of value-added taxation after the European one is being created, which begins its development on the basis of supranational legislation. Within its framework, the states that are parties to the Agreement shall organize administrative cooperation in the following areas: (1) exchange of information necessary for determining tax accuracy; (2) coordination of synchronized audit procedures and participation in audits; (3) assistance in tax collection and adoption of necessary procedures related to VAT collection.

scholarly journals Specialists for Modernisation. Discussion about Training of Specialists for the Electro-Technical Industry in Russia on the Cusp of 19th-20th Centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 366-395
Author(s):  
Alexander Bessolitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Technical Education ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
French Experience ◽  
Technical Department ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Technical Industry ◽  
Economic Modernization

The article is dedicated to the topic, which is important at present time: formation of human capital as an important factor of the social and economic development of society. Modernization of education plays an essential part in terms of the development of human capital during all historical stages and its importance grows significantly alongside with the economic growth of the country. The role of education and necessity to improve its quality became of significant value for Russia during the economic modernization on the cusp of the 19th–20th centuries. In this article, the author makes an attempt to analyze the experience of formation of different levels of electro-technical education during the economic modernization, as well as to reveal the role of civil society in this process. The Russian economic modernization implied the formation of a competitive industrial complex, which included mining, manufacturing industries and transport. The electro-technical industry, which was lacking trained personnel, was the most quickly developing one. The discussion in the relevant journals as well as during the work of All-Russia electro-technical congresses set up, to the most extent, the main ways to form all the levels of electro-technical education, which helped to train personnel for the respective industry. The author analyzed both the available experience in realization of lower and secondary specialized electro-technical education and the new approaches to its organization, developed mostly in the Electro-technical department of the Emperor’s Russian Technical Society (ERTS). Apart from that, there was a curious attempt to open a higher electro-technical school in Moscow based on the European (mostly French) experience, which was oriented mostly towards additional training of the already working engineering and technical specialists.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL FEATURES AND NATIONAL PECULIARITIES OF THE HUMAN CAPITAL FORMATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3(72)) ◽  
pp. 159-170
Author(s):  
V.N. FOMISHYNA ◽  
S. V. FOMISHYN ◽  
O.K. LADUSHYNA
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
World Development

Topicality. Subjective educational, professional, moral and psychological properties of a person which were important at all times, nowadays receive special significance in the context of the formation of a global knowledge economy,. It now becomes an axiom that a person, his knowledge and skills, his ability to creativity is the main productive resource and the main value of society. Valuable measure gets an economic importance in the sense that, in the case of its deformation, all society's efforts, expenditures of government and intergovernmental institutions, households and other actors in sufficient (or high) cost of human capital achievement will fail in forming the main value and the main productive resource of society. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to study the functional role, international features of the formation of human capital and their manifestations in the national economy. Research results. The most developed countries are those which have a high level of human capital development. The functional role of human capital in world development is realized through qualitative improvement of the human potential of the country, the formation of the abilities and needs of its population, plus the characteristics of the contribution of these non-market investments to economic growth, efficiency and competitiveness. Human capital, like all kinds of capital, is not objectively predetermined, it is the result of the joint efforts of the man himself, his family, enterprise, and state. For a person, these efforts are associated with labor costs, time and financial resources, for enterprises and the state - mainly with the financial costs associated with economic and social development. The financial cost of a qualitative improvement of the workforce, which means its transformation into human capital, takes the form of investment � all kinds of investments into a person, that can be valued in cash or another form and are purposeful, that contribute to the growth of labor productivity and increase income level. Investments in human capital in comparison with investments in other types of capital are distinguished by a number of peculiarities that influence the decision making of the subject in relation to the choice between current consumption or savings for the purpose of further investment and accumulation of human capital. Each of the subjects, investing in individual human capital, pursues its own goals and sees in his own way the future benefits of its accumulation. The dynamics, structure and volume of these investments shows that they differ significantly in the industrialized countries and in Ukraine. The volumes of investments into different components of human capital in Ukraine are lower than in Western countries, the USA, and Japan. As a result, in the last decades there has been a deformed structure of investment in a person, which complicates its quantitative and qualitative reproduction. Conclusion. International tendencies of human capital development are manifested in the following: the formation of a human-centric concept and the humanization of world development; growth of the role of financial markets in investing in human capital; a large proportion of human capital in the national wealth of highly developed countries; high and stable expenditures on human capital development at all levels of the economy; rapid response of the educational sphere to structural changes in the economy; the transformation of knowledge into the most extensive sphere of investment. In the system of reproduction of human capital in modern Ukraine has accumulated a number of acute problems of socio-economic and moral-ideological nature, which, due to the unfavourable development of events, could lead not only to the progress of the economic system, but also to its destruction.

scholarly journals The Impact of Investment in Human Capital on the Exports of Goods and Services

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-192
Author(s):  
Samina Siddique ◽  
Zafar Mahmood ◽  
Shabana Noureen
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Human Capital Investment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Impact

With the growth of services economy worldwide, it has become essential for policymakers to comprehend the export competitiveness of nations to identify offshore export locations or alternatively offer their own sites as an exporting location. Human capital investment is considered as a key component in attracting foreign countries for outsourcing purposes. Earlier studies have shown mixed role of human capital investment on off shoring activities. This study assesses the effects of control variables (business environment, wages and IT infrastructure) and human capital investment on export of goods and services from the selected Asian outsourcing countries. Panel Estimated Generalized Least Square (EGLS) technique is used with country weights to specifically overcome the problem of autocorrelation. Empirical findings show that investment in human capital is significant for both goods and services exports. We found a large impact of human capital investment on exports of goods and services in selected Asian countries as compared to selected developed countries. Empirical findings further suggest that human capital is more essential for export of goods than export of services. From these findings, the study draws important implications for policymaking in countries who intend to offer themselves as an attractive location for exporting and for those who intend to locate their production activities overseas.

scholarly journals Get Rich or Die Tryin’: Perceived Earnings, Perceived Mortality Rates, and Migration Decisions of Potential Work Migrants from Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maheshwor Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Migration Experience ◽  
Randomized Field Experiment ◽  
Gulf Countries ◽  
Migration Decisions ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
Rate Expectation

Abstract This article reports on a randomized field experiment in which potential work migrants from Nepal to Malaysia and the Persian Gulf countries are provided with information on wages and mortality incidences at their intended destinations. It is found that, particularly for the group of potential migrants without prior foreign migration experience, the information changes their expectations of earnings and mortality risks abroad, which further changes their actual migration decisions. Using the exogenous variation in expectations, it is estimated that the elasticity of migration with respect to mortality rate expectation is 0.8, and the elasticity of migration with respect to earnings expectation is 1.1.

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