scholarly journals El problema del seguimiento de reglas en Michael Oakeshott

2021 ◽  
pp. 289
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio González de Requena Farré
Keyword(s):  
Rule Following ◽  
Normative Practices ◽  
Michael Oakeshott ◽  
Human Practices

The role of rules in our normative practices constitutes a relevant philosophical problema, mainly associated with Wittgenstein’s philosophy, but to which Michael Oakeshott has also attempted to answer. Not surprisingly, some scholars have found parallels between their conceptions of human practices and rule-following. Through an exegesis of the notion and uses of the rule in Oakeshott's works, this article aims to clarify the link between rule-following and normative authorization. In this way, it will be possible to to decide the originality and specificity of Oakeshott’s contribution and settle the question of the differences with the Wittgensteinian problematization of rule-following.

Action Research and Epistemology

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 281-297
Author(s):  
Kjell S. Johannessen
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Human Practices

It is argued that more attention should be paid to the epistemological foundations of action research. Doing this from a pragmatic point of view, the author points to the decisive role of human practices regarding such fundamental issues as the constitution of meaningful signs, the application of concepts as rule-following, the contextuality of knowledge, and the marginal relevance of theory. The concept of practice not only points to the ways in which our concepts are established, it also comprises the skills involved in handling the conceptualized phenomena, our pre-reflective familiarity with them, expressed in the sureness of our behavior towards them, and the discernment exercised in applying or withholding a given concept on a particular occasion. These factors are all relevant to the establishment of knowledge, but they cannot themselves be fully and straightforwardly articulated by verbal means. Nevertheless, they represent what we go by when we apply concepts and other types of rules.

scholarly journals The rule of rules

Public Choice ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Hamlin
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Political Order ◽  
Constitutional Political Economy ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Rule Based

AbstractRules are central to the constitutional political economy (CPE) approach. On this approach, rules, of a variety of types and forms, are necessary for the emergence of a political and social order, so that all genuine political order is rule-based. The central role of rules within the CPE approach is examined starting from an explicit definitional discussion of the concept of a rule and including discussion of the nature of rule-following behavior, the supply of rules, and rule enforcement.

scholarly journals The Ethical Dilemma of Lifestyle Change: Designing for sustainable schools and sustainable citizenship

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
Andrea Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Learning Technologies ◽  
Luce Irigaray ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Innovative Learning ◽  
Michael Oakeshott ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Sustainable Schools

This paper explores how participation and sustainability are being addressed by architects within the Building Schools for the Future (BSF) programme in the UK. The intentions promoted by the programme are certainly ambitious, but the ways to fulfil these aims are ill-explored. Simply focusing on providing innovative learning technologies, or indeed teaching young people about physical sustainability features in buildings, will not necessarily teach them the skills they will need to respond to the environmental and social challenges of a rapidly changing world. However, anticipating those skills is one of the most problematic issues of the programme. The involvement of young people in the design of schools is used to suggest empowerment, place-making and to promote social cohesion but this is set against government design literature which advocates for exemplars, standard layouts and best practice, all leading to forms of standardisation. The potentials for tokenistic student involvement and conflict with policy aims are evident. This paper explores two issues: how to foster in young people an ethic towards future generations, and the role of co-design practices in this process. Michael Oakeshott calls teaching the conversation of mankind. In this paper, I look at the philosophy of Hannah Arendt, Emmanuel Levinas, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Luce Irigaray to argue that investigating the ethical dilemmas of the programme through critical dialogue with students offers an approach to meeting government objectives, building sustainable schools, and fostering sustainable citizenship.

Engineering as Normative Practice

2015 ◽  
pp. 12-21
Author(s):  
Marc J. de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
Social Practice ◽  
Business Practice ◽  
Complex Situation ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Normative Practice ◽  
Normative Practices ◽  
Ethical Norms ◽  
Ethical Reflections

The concept of social practice was introduced by Alisdair Macintyre as a means for ethical reflections for professional situations. This concept has been extended by Hoogland and Jochemsen to include different types of norms. The term “normative practice” indicates that practices are determined by the norms by which they are defined. Engineering is such a normative practice, one that is part of a more complex situation of technological developments, in which other normative practices are also involved (e.g., a government practice, a business practice, a consumer practice). The norms in a normative practice are not only ethical norms but also include task descriptions. In this chapter, the role of both non-ethical and ethical norms in engineering as normative practices is analyzed. This is illustrated by two case studies: one from military ethics (with a specific focus on the role of technology) and one from synthetic biology.

The Well-Ordered Universe

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Margaret Cavendish ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Public Recognition

The prolific Margaret Cavendish (1623–1673) published books on natural philosophy as well as stories, plays, poems, orations, allegories, and letters. Her mature philosophical system offered a unique vitalist materialist theory of Nature as composed of a continuous, non-atomistic, perceiving, knowing matter. In contrast to the dominant philosophical thinking of her day, Cavendish argued that all matter has free will and can choose whether or not to follow Nature’s rules. The Well-Ordered Universe explores the development of Cavendish’s natural philosophy from the atomism of her 1653 Poems, and Fancies to the vitalist materialism of her 1668 Grounds of Natural Philosophy and argues that her natural philosophy, her medical theories, and her social and political philosophy are all informed by an underlying concern with order, regularity, and rule-following. This focus on order reveals interesting connections among apparently disparate elements of Cavendish’s philosophical program, including her views on gender, on animals and the environment, and on sickness and health. Focusing on the role of order in Cavendish’s philosophy also helps reveal some key differences between her natural philosophy and her social and political philosophy, where Cavendish tended to be quite conservative. Cavendish thought that humans’ special desire for public recognition often leads to an unruly ambition, causing humans to disrupt society in ways not seen in the rest of Nature. The Well-Ordered Universe thus defends reading Cavendish as a royalist who endorsed absolute monarchy and a rigid social hierarchy for maintaining order in human society.

Virtue, Rule-Following, and Absolute Prohibitions

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-97
Author(s):  
JEREMY REID
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Virtuous Person ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Moral Rules ◽  
Seminal Article ◽  
Modern Moral Philosophy ◽  
Taking Responsibility

AbstractIn her seminal article ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ (1958) Elizabeth Anscombe argued that we need a new ethics, one that uses virtue terms to generate absolute prohibitions against certain act-types. Leading contemporary virtue ethicists have not taken up Anscombe's challenge in justifying absolute prohibitions and have generally downplayed the role of rule-following in their normative theories. That they have not done so is primarily because contemporary virtue ethicists have focused on what is sufficient for characterizing the deliberation and action of the fully virtuous person, and rule-following is inadequate for this task. In this article, I take up Anscombe's challenge by showing that rule-following is necessary for virtuous agency, and that virtue ethics can justify absolute prohibitions. First, I offer a possibility proof by showing how virtue ethics can generate absolute prohibitions in three ways: by considering actions that directly manifest vice or that cannot be performed virtuously; actions that are prohibited by one's institutional roles and practical identities; and actions that are prohibited by the prescriptions of the wise. I then seek to show why virtue ethicists should incorporate rule-following and absolute prohibitions into their theories. I emphasize the central role that rules have in the development of virtue, then motivate the stronger view that fully virtuous agents follow moral rules by considering the importance of hope, uncertainty about consequences, and taking responsibility for what eventuates. Finally, I provide an account of what Anscombe called a ‘corrupt mind’, explaining how our understanding of virtue is corrupted if we think that virtue may require us to do vicious actions.

Following the Rules of Discourse

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Peregrin
Keyword(s):  
General Problem ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Discursive Practices ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Human Practices ◽  
Normative Dimension

AbstractThis review article discusses Rebecca Kukla and Mark Lance's (2009) book on normative speech act theory and Joseph Heath's (2008) book on rule following, putting them into the context of the general problem of normativity of human discursive practices (and human practices in general). The upshot of the discussion is that while Heath's book advances our understanding of the normative dimension of human life, prominently including human language, Kukla and Lance's one presents a deeply interesting attempt at a framework for the study of discourse taking normativity of language at face value.

scholarly journals What's faith got to do with it?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Maclean ◽  
Agnes Meinhard ◽  
Areeta Bridgemohan
Keyword(s):  
Common Good ◽  
The Other ◽  
Food Banks ◽  
World Religion ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Normative Practices ◽  
Basic Distinction ◽  
The Common

“What’s faith got to do with it?” In this paper we explore the multilayered role of faith in two food banks in Toronto. We are drawing on a larger study of five partnerships between faithbased organizations and others for the common good, a study that unpacks the interesting dynamics of collaborations involving at least one faith partner. In the selection we have made for our present paper, the reader can expect to find a description and analysis of those dynamics as they pertain to individuals, groups, religious and secular organizations, new immigrants and long time residents, a rich variety of faith groups—all around the issues of having enough to eat, human dignity and the formation of community. When we use the word “faith” we are aware of the multiplicity of meanings carried by the term. There is a basic distinction, famously formulated by Wilfred Cantwell Smith, between the faith that animates and is held by an individual and ‘a faith’ in the sense of a world religion, which has a history, traditions, sacred texts, liturgy, normative practices, teachings, creeds, buildings, authorized leaders— in short all the characteristics of a religion established over many centuries. Of course, there is a symbiotic relationship between the personal and the institutional. Each enlarges and enriches the other; neither can exist without the other. Keywords: CVSS, Centre for Voluntary Sector Studies, Working Paper Series,TRSM, Ted Rogers School of Management Citation:

scholarly journals Blocking mu-opioid receptors inhibits social bonding in rituals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Jane Charles ◽  
Miguel Farias ◽  
Valerie van Mulukom ◽  
Ambikananda Saraswati ◽  
Simon Dein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonding ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Mu Opioid ◽  
Religious Ritual ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Human Practices ◽  
Mu Opioids

Religious rituals are universal human practices, generally practiced in groups. Social scientists have highlighted for over 100 years its role in bonding individuals, but the mechanisms underlying this function have yet to be explored. Here we tested the role of mu-opioids in fostering social bonding in rituals across two double-blind studies. For both studies a mu-opioid blocker (Naltrexone) was taken before the ritual and we assessed strength of social bonding before and after the ritual. Participants were randomly allocated into a placebo or Naltrexone condition. For study 1 (N = 9), we conducted a pilot, yoga-based ritual session in our lab. In study 2 (N = 24), we conducted a naturalistic field study with participants who regularly attended an Afro-Brazilian religious ritual. We found the same effect across both studies, where Naltrexone lead to significantly lower social bonding compared to placebo. These studies show that mu-opioids play a significant role in experiences of social bonding within ritual contexts.

scholarly journals Blocking mu-opioid receptors inhibits social bonding in rituals

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 20200485 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Charles ◽  
M. Farias ◽  
V. van Mulukom ◽  
A. Saraswati ◽  
S. Dein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Receptors ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Mu Opioid Receptors ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Mu Opioid ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
Human Practices ◽  
Mu Opioids

Religious rituals are universal human practices that play a seminal role in community bonding. In two experiments, we tested the role of mu-opioids as the active factor fostering social bonding. We used a mu-opioid blocker (naltrexone) in two double-blind studies of rituals from different religious traditions. We found the same effect across both studies, with naltrexone leading to significantly lower social bonding compared with placebo. These studies suggest that mu-opioids play a significant role in experiences of social bonding within ritual contexts.

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