Anatomical Variation in the Fissurization of Lung with Embryological and Clinical correlations- A Case Report

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
Premavathy Dr. Dinesh

Lungs are paired conical organs present in the thoracic cavity, which are responsible for gaseous exchange for oxygenation of blood. Both the lungs are divided into lobes by fissures. The right lung is divided into upper, middle and lower lobes by two fissures. The fissures are horizontal and oblique fissure whereas the left lung is divided into upper and lower lobes by oblique fissure. The left lung is divided into upper and lower lobe by oblique fissure. Both the lungs have ten bronchopulmonary segments (structurally separate and functionally independent units). Embryological evidence showed that the lungs developed from the endodermal counterpart of the foregut. Around 22 days of embryonic period, diverticulum are develop, then between 26-28 days lung buds develop. The right bronchial buds and left bronchial buds are branched into secondary and tertiary buds at 5th and 6th week of embryonic life consecutively. During routine anatomy dissection and demonstration in the Department of Anatomy, a 50 year old male cadaver showed anatomical variation in the right lung. The present study observed that the right lung showed partial horizontal fissure. The reason for partial or incomplete fissure formation is due to incomplete or absence of obliteration of prenatal fissure which indicates partial fusion of lobes, generally fissures separating the broncho-pulmonary segments in prenatal life. The reports says that incomplete fissures of the lung may lead to spread of infection like pneumonia to adjacent lobe and collapse in endobronchial lesions and gradation of the fissures of the lungs are very important for lung surgeries. The present study concludes that the knowledge of anatomical variation of lung is of utmost important in the field of pulmonary medicine.

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (01) ◽  
pp. 9-13
Author(s):  
E. Lasch ◽  
M. Nazer ◽  
L. Bartholdy

AbstractThis study presents a bilateral variation in the formation of trunks of brachial plexus in a male cadaver. The right brachial plexus was composed of six roots (C4-T1) and the left brachial plexus of five roots (C5-T1). Both formed four trunks thus changing the contributions of the anterior divisions of the cervical nerves involved in the formation of the cords and the five main somatic motor nerves for the upper limb. There are very few case reports in the scientific literature on this topic; thus making the present study very relevant.


2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Aba Vitėnas

Aba VitėnasVšĮ Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės "Santariškių klinikos"Centro filialas, Radiologijos skyrius,Žygimantų g. 3, LT–01102, VilniusEl. paštas [email protected] Įvadas / tikslas Plaučių disontogeniniai navikai – hamartomos – yra dažniausi iš visų periferinių nepiktybinių rutulinių plaučių darinių. Endobronchinė centrinė hamartoma (epistoma) pasitaiko labai retai. Kremzlinės struktūros plaučių hamartomos – chondrohamartomos ir osteochondrohamartomos – yra dažniausios. Darbo tikslas – apibūdinti plaučių hamartomas, sukonkretinti jų rentgenologinius diferencinės diagnostikos žymenis ir tuo remiantis – klasifikaciją. Ligoniai ir metodai Plaučių hamartomos buvo nustatytos 43 ligoniams – 16–78 metų 28 vyrams ir 15 moterų. Visiems ligoniams atliktas kompleksinis radiologinis tyrimas – polipozicinė rentgenoskopija, rentgenografija, tomografija, skaitmeninė fluorografija, kompiuterinė tomografija. Bronchoskopija ir biopsija padaryta 31 ligoniui. Buvo atliekami ir kiti tyrimai: ultragarsinis, funkciniai plaučių mėginiai, specifinės laboratorinės reakcijos diferencinei diagnostikai nuo plaučių tuberkuliozės, kolagenozės, echinokokozės, alergozės. Rezultatai 42 ligoniams diagnozuota periferinė ir vienam – centrinė hamartoma. Tipinė plaučių hamartomos lokalizacija – dešiniojo plaučio apatinė skiltis (21 ligonis, arba 49%). Centrinė endobronchinė hamartoma diagnozuota 42 metų ligoniui, ilgai sirgusiam lėtiniu bronchitu ir dažnai plaučių uždegimu. Operuota 30 ligonių. Devyni ligoniai iš 13 neoperuotųjų stebėti nuo 1 iki 14 metų. Periferinės hamartomos dažniausiai buvo besimptomės. 23 ligoniams hamartoma nustatyta atsitiktinai profilaktiškai tiriant plaučius dėl įvairių pilvo organų ligų arba atliekant fluorografinį tyrimą. Kitiems tirtiesiems hamartoma buvo diagnozuota sergant plaučių ligomis, tuberkulioze, alergoze, kolagenoze, įvairiais navikais. Dvylikai ligonių nepiktybinio plaučių naviko, arba hamartomos, diagnozė buvo tiksliai nustatyta poliklinikoje. Devyniems buvo įtartas pirminis vėžys arba metastazė, šešiems – specifinis infiltratas arba tuberkuloma, vienam – eozinofilinis infiltratas, vienam – echinokokas. Hamartoma 31 ligoniui buvo dešiniajame, 12 – kairiajame plautyje. Rentgenogramoje periferinė hamartoma buvo matoma apskritos formos ir ryškių kontūrų. Jos rentgenologinė struktūra buvo nevienoda. Šviesi (nekalcifikuota) hamartoma buvo matoma 14 ligonių. Kitiems 28 ligoniams diagnozuota kalcifikuota (inkrustuota arba tamsi) hamartoma, t. y. hamartochondroma (chondrohamartoma, osteochondrohamartoma). Išvados Nors plaučių hamartomos auga labai lėtai, pasitaiko labai greitai progresuojančių: 3 ligoniams, arba 7%, hamartomos per metus padidėjo iki 50%. Dažniausias jų variantas – hamartochondroma (chondrohamartoma). Piktybinių hamartomų nediagnozuota. Pagal neoplazinės kalcinozės laipsnį plaučių hamartomos radiologiškai skirstomos į tris variantus: šviesas, inkrustuotas ir tamsias. Radiologai gali diferencijuoti dažniausius plaučių hamartomų variantus, tarp jų chondrohamartomas ir osteochondrohamartomas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: disontogeniniai plaučių navikai, disembriomos, periferiniai plaučių navikai, hamartomos, hamartochondromos, neoplazinė kalcinozė, rentgenodiagnostika Diagnostics of pulmonary chondrohamartomas Aba Vitėnas Background / objective Hamartomas, as dysontogenic tumours, are most common among all peripheral non-malignant "spheral" pulmonary formations. Endobronchial central hamartoma is rare and is usually diagnosed as "epystoma" (bronchial obturator). Among peripheral hamartomas, tumours of cartilaginous structure (chondrohamartomas and ostheochondrohamartomas) are particularly common. The objective of the work was to describe pulmonary hamartomas and to concretize most common variations of hamartoma and their different radiological signs. Patients and methods Forty-three patients were diagnosed with pulmonary hamartoma (28 males and 15 females, 16–78 years old). In the hospital, clinical and laboratory tests were performed for all patients; complex radiological examination: polypositional X-ray radioscopy, radiography, tomography, digital fluorography, computed tomography. Thirty-one patients underwent bronchoscopy and biopsy, sonoscopy, functional lung tests, specific reactions. Results Forty-two patients had peripheral and one central hamartoma. The most typical localization of pulmonary hamartoma was the lower lobe of the right lung (21 patients, 49%). A central endobronchial hamartoma was diagnosed for a 42-year-old patient who had been ill for a long time with chronic bronchitis and frequent pneumonias. 30 pacients were operated one. From 13 non-operated patients, 9 were followed up in dynamics for 1–14 years. Peripheral hamartoma usually was asymptomatic. Twenty-three patients were diagnosed occasionaly during preventive pulmonary evaluation in case of different abdominal diseases or during fluorography. The others diagnosed as having hamartoma were ill with lung diseases, TBC, alergosis, collagenosis, different tumours. In out-patient settings, correct diagnosis of benign tumour or hamartoma was established for 12 patients, 9 were suspected as having cancer or metastases, 6 – specific infiltrate (tuberculoma), 1 – eosinophilic infiltrate and 1 – echinococcus; 31 patient had the tumour in the right, and 12 patients in the left lung. Radiologically, hamartoma is a spheric tumour with clear margins. As to the structure of the tumour, 14 patients had non-calcificated, "light" hamartoma, 28 had calcificated, "inlaid" and "hard" hamartochondroma. Thus, neoplastic calcinosis is characteristic of chondrohamartomas (osteochondrohamartomas) and occurs twice as often as hamartomas of other types. Conclusions Althought hamartomas grow very slowly, there were rapidly increasing ones: for 3 patients (7%) the volume of hamartoma increased by 50% in a year. The most common type was hamartochondroma (chondrohamartoma). There were no malignant hamartomas. Therefore radiologists can diagnose most common variations of hamartomas as "light", "inlaid" and "hard" ones. Keywords: dysontogenous pulmonary tumours, dysembriomas, peripheral pulmonary tumours, hamartomas, hamartochondromas, neoplastic calcinosis, radiological diagnostics


2015 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. 105-106
Author(s):  
S. Supadevi ◽  
Ramesh Kumar Subramanian ◽  
D. Kesavi

AbstractThe right lung has two fissures which separate the lung into three lobes. They are the oblique fissure and the horizontal fissure and the lobes are superior, middle and the inferior lobes respectively arranged from the apex of the lung to the base. In the present case, during routine dissection the right lung was observed to have complete absence of both oblique fissure and horizontal fissure and there was no lobar pattern. The lung pleural membrane was continuous from the apex to the base. Hilum structures were arranged normally. Left lung was completely normal with no variation. Variation of anatomy of lung fissures is important in case of diagnosis of lung pathologies and in the modality of treatment for segmental resection of lung.


2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guergana Petrova ◽  
Penka I. Perenovska ◽  
Dimitrinka Miteva ◽  
Radost T. Kabakchieva ◽  
Ognyan G. Brankov ◽  
...  

SummaryPneumonia is an inflammatory lung disorder characterized by consolidation due to presence of exudates in the alveolar spaces. Most pneumonias can be effectively treated with appropriate oral antibiotics, with intravenous antibiotics being reserved for those with severe infections. We present two cases of girls admitted in our clinic with pneumonia where our conventional therapy was not sufficient. Case 1: A 15-year-old girl with cystic fibrosis, with left lobular pneumonia, for which an aggressive conservative treatment was initiated. After significant improvement, sudden detorioration and pneumothorax of the left lung occurred. She was transferred to the surgical department for intervention. Due to failure to respond to initial drainage she underwent thoracotomy and resection of the left lower lobe of the lung. The histology result confirmed gangrene. Case 2: A four-year old girl was treated for pneumonia in the right lung with aggressive intravenous antibiotic. After temporary improvement sudden deterioration was observed. The patient was transferred to the surgery department, where pulmonary gangrene was confirmed. After the lower lobe of the right lung was resected, she was discharged in good health. The careful follow up, accurate diagnosis and correct medication choice are crucial for reducing the complications of “common” pneumonia.


2020 ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
M. Opanasenko ◽  
◽  
L. Levanda ◽  
A. Tereshkovich ◽  
I. Liskina ◽  
...  

Introduction. Foreign bodies in the airways are a very urgent problem that occurs at any age and quite often requires an urgent and sometimes urgent assessment of the situation, examination, and making the right decision. According to statistics, most often foreign body in airway are found in childhood. In about 95–98% of cases, this pathology is recorded in children aged 1.5 to 3 years. This is due to the behavior of children, their anatomical and physiological characteristics and underdevelopment of protective reflexes. Among all cases of foreign body in airway, foreign bodies of the larynx are found in 12%, trachea – in 18%, bronchus – in 70% of cases. In 80% of cases, CTs enter the right bronchus, as it is a broader and more direct continuation of the trachea. The correct diagnosis is established early after CT aspiration in 40–57% of patients. The mortality rate varies, according to different authors, from 2 to 15%. Clinical case. The boy V., born in 2008. was admitted to the Department of Pediatric Pulmonology on May 30, 2019, with complaints of frequent unproductive cough, mainly daytime, increasing with physical exertion, sometimes subfibril body temperature, weakness, lethargy, decrease appetite. These complaints have been observed for the third time in the last six months. Diagnosis: Foreign body B10 of the left lung. Conclusions. Aspiration of a foreign body into the respiratory tract most often occurs in early childhood (1–3 years). The clinical picture in the early stages is asymptomatic, and over time it leads to the development of inflammatory changes in the lungs, are treated conservatively. Given the complexity of diagnosis, aspiration of a foreign body can lead to frequent recurrent pneumonia, the formation of bronchiectasis in the lower parts of the lungs, which may require surgical treatment. The gold standard of diagnostics is fibrobronchoscopy and spiral computed tomography of the thoracic cavity (SCT OGK), with the help of which, early after aspiration, a foreign body can be detected and subsequently excluded from the respiratory tract. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of an participating institution.The informed consent of the child’s parents was obtained from the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: child, lungs, foreign body.


1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1201-1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. O. Nilsestuen ◽  
R. L. Coon ◽  
F. O. Igler ◽  
E. J. Zuperku ◽  
J. P. Kampine

Recent studies have indicated that the breathing frequency responses to inspired CO2 in part result from changes in pulmonary stretch receptor activity. Pulmonary CO2 may alter frequency by direct inhibition of stretch receptor discharge, or secondarily, by changes in airway mechanics. The vascularly isolated left lower lobe (LLL) of the canine lung was used to determine the effect of hypocapnic airway constriction on the pulmonary CO2 reflex. The upper and middle lobes of the left lung were removed and the right vagus nerve sectioned. Blood was recirculated through the LLL. Diaphragm electromyogram was used as an index of respiratory center activity and to trigger ventilation of the left lower lobe. Lobar hypocapnia increased peak airway pressure and reduced respiratory rate. However, infusion of isoproterenol or the use of a mechanical overflow system to block the airway pressure response prevented the frequency changes associated with CO2. Although both the direct and mechanical effects of CO2 on stretch receptors may contribute to the reflex, in the LLL preparation the mechanical effects predominate.


1982 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1591-1597 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Snapper ◽  
T. R. Harris ◽  
K. L. Brigham

The effects of changing cardiac output and lung mass on pulmonary capillary surface area, lung water, and hemodynamics were studied in eight sheep. 51Cr-erythrocytes, 125I-albumin, 3H2O, and [14C]urea were injected into the right atrium, and timed samples were collected from the aorta for the calculation of cardiac output (CO), extravascular lung water (EVLW), and permeability-surface area product (PS) for [14C]urea. CO was varied by opening and closing arteriovenous shunts, and lung mass was decreased by first tying off the left lung followed by tying off the right lower lobe. Pulmonary arterial pressure (r = -0.741) and pulmonary vascular resistance (r = -0.700) increased as lung mass was decreased. CO decreased slightly (r = -0.470 while left atrial pressure was not changed (r = -0.144) by decreasing lung mass. There was a close correlation between EVLW and lung mass (r = 0.944) and between [14C]urea PS and lung mass (r = 0.672). We were able to demonstrate that [14C]urea behaves as a diffusion-limited tracer in a single pass through the lungs, since [14C]urea extraction decreased as flow per unit mass increased. These results support the clinical use of multiple-tracer studies to measure EVLW and [14C]urea PS.


2008 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 288-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Humberto Tavares Guerreiro Fregnani ◽  
Maria Inez Marcondes Macéa ◽  
Celina Siqueira Barbosa Pereira ◽  
Mirna Duarte Barros ◽  
José Rafael Macéa

CONTEXT: The musculocutaneous nerve is one of the terminal branches of the lateral fasciculus of the brachial plexus, and is responsible for innervation of the flexor musculature of the elbow and for skin sensitivity on the lateral surface of the forearm. Its absence has been described previously, but its real prevalence is unknown. CASE REPORT: A case of absence of the musculocutaneous nerve that was observed during the dissection of the right arm of a male cadaver is described. The area of innervation was supplied by the median nerve. From this, three branches emerged: one to the coracobrachialis muscle, another to the biceps brachii muscle and the third to the brachialis muscle. This last branch continued as a lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. This is an anatomical variation that has clinical-surgical implications, considering that injury to the median nerve in this case would have caused unexpected paralysis of the flexor musculature of the elbow and hypoesthesia of the lateral surface of the forearm.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saadat Mehrabi ◽  
Nader Tanideh ◽  
Reza Hosseinpour ◽  
Cambyz Irajie ◽  
Mohammad Javad Yavari Barhaghtalabi

Abstract Background The right and left lung anatomy are similar but asymmetrical. The right lung consists of three lobes, and the left lung consists of two lobes. Our study is unique because of discovering a very rare morphological feature of the left lung which has not been reported yet. By the way, we compared two different available chemical agents for pleurodesis (talc and bleomycin) according to side effects, complications, and pneumothorax recurrence. Case presentation We reported a case of bilateral primary spontaneous pneumothorax, who underwent talc slurry and bleomycin pleurodesis at right and left side retrospectively, and then complicate with left-sided recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax, so underwent open thoracotomy and was surprisingly and accidentally found to have 4 lobes and 3 fissures in left lung. Conclusion In our case report, there were one main oblique fissure and two accessory fissures which divided the lung into 4 separated lobes, and this discovery in human’s and other animals’ lung anatomy has not been previously reported. In our case study, the talc slurry was more effective in preventing spontaneous pneumothorax recurrence, but with more side effects than bleomycin. We could hypothesize that the morphological variation of the lung might affect spontaneous pneumothorax development and recurrence.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
V.I. Trykhlib ◽  
K.P. Bieliaieva ◽  
N.R. Tsyurak ◽  
L.O. Palatna

Literature and personal data on community-acquired pneumonia during the epidemic of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 are presented. It was found that men and patients with moderately to severe form were treated for community-acquired pneumonia more often. The most common localizations were as follows (in descending frequency): bilateral multisegmental, right-sided lower lobe, left-sided lower lobe. Men as compared to women more often had the following localization of pneumonia: right-sided lower lobe pneumonia at the age of 20–30, 51–60; right-sided multisegmental in all age groups; left-sided lower lobe pneumonia at the age of 51–60, left-sided upper lobe pneumonia at the age of 20–50; left-sided multisegmental pneumonia in all age groups; slightly more frequent bilateral lower lobe pneumonia in different age groups; bilateral multisegmental pneumonia at the age of 20–30 and over 60. Conversely, the most common localization in women was as follows: right-sided lower lobe pneumonia at the age 31–50, right-sided upper lobe pneumonia at the age 20–30, left-sided lower lobe pneumonia at the age 20–50 and over 60, left-sided upper lobe pneumonia at the age over 60, bilateral lower lobe pneumonia at the age 31–40, bilateral multisegmental pneumonia at the age 41–60. Right-sided lower lobe pneumonia was equally often registered irrespective of gender in persons older than 60 years old. Right-sided upper lobe pneumonia was not registered in patients aged 31–40 and 41–50 years, and over 60 years old. The most frequent localization of pneumonia in mild form was left-sided lower lobe (35.3 %), right-si­ded lower lobe (20.6 %), and bilateral lower lobe (14.7 %). The least frequent were upper lobe localization of pneumonia in the right, left, and both lungs (2.94 % each), and left multisegmental pneumonia was not observed at all. The most frequent localization of pneumonia in the moderate form was the lower lobes of the right lung (29.4 %), left lung (18.3 %), and multisegmental in both lungs (28.8 %). It was least frequently registered in the upper lobe of the right lung (2.6 %), left lung (3.9 %) but was not registered in the upper lobes of both lungs. The most frequent localization of pneumonia in severe form was bilateral multisegmental (37.5 %). Right-sided multisegmental, left-sided lower lung and bilateral lower lung were the least common — 12.5 % for each. Subfebrile fever was registered more frequently in almost all localizations. More often normal or subfebrile temperature was registered in all localizations, except for right-sided upper lobe pneumonia, in which higher (febrile, pyretic) temperature was registered more often. In all localizations within three days after hospitalization most patients had normal leukocyte count, leukopenia was slightly more frequent in left-sided lower lobe pneumonia, leukocytosis — in the bilateral upper lobe, bilateral lower lobe, and right-sided upper lobe. In general, leukocytosis in community-acquired pneumonia was registered in 38.8 % of patients. In the first three days after hospitalization, a normal amount of lymphocytes was registered in the majority of patients, lymphopenia was observed in one-third of patients with right-sided upper and left-sided lower lobe localization.


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