scholarly journals Western Immigration in the fourteenth-century Golden Horde: The Case of Venetian Tana

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-107
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Pubblici ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sea Of Azov ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Associative Model ◽  
Western Population ◽  
The Sea Of Azov ◽  
The World

Objective: This paper’s aim is to reconstruct the Western population of Venetian Tana in the fourteenth century, the residents’ perception of their condition as “mig­rants”, and finally this population’s interactions with the other communities who lived there. Research materials: The sources used are primarily the notarial deeds of the Venice State Archive together with the vast and excellent scholarship produced in recent decades. Research results and novelty: For over two centuries the settlement of Tana, situated in the territory of the Golden Horde, represented the easternmost outpost of the Latin emporia in the Levant. Here, the utilitarian concept of the Western urban mercantile class found itself confronted with a new experience. This group was a minority living in close contact with larger, cohesive communities whose cultural background was extremely diverse. Those who emigrated east were mainly the emerging urban bourgeoisie, but also families of ancient noble origin who had nothing in common with the world of the Steppe and its traditional roots. These citizens came to the Levant, bringing with them the urban associative model. The life of the settlement at the mouth of the river Don is an ideal basis for observing the flow of people who left Venice and its surroundings on galleys and, after months of travel, arrived on the shores of the Sea of Azov.

scholarly journals Microalgae of mud volcano of the Bulganak sopochnoe field on the Crimean Peninsula

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-77
Author(s):  
L. I. Ryabushko ◽  
A. V. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Mud Volcano ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Sea Of Azov ◽  
Mud Volcanoes ◽  
The Sea Of Azov ◽  
The World

Mud volcanoes are one of unique natural phenomena widely spread around the world. They can be found in Crimea, including the Bulganak sopochnoe field – the largest cluster of active mud volcanoes on the peninsula (45°25′29.04″N, 36°27′51.64″E). Study of mud volcano microalgae in Crimea, as well as in other regions of Russia, has not been conducted so far. Therefore, scientific interest is caused by need and urgency of the study of these volcanoes. First data on microalgae species composition of active mud volcanoes are presented in this article. Samples collected by O. Yu. Eremin (03.08.2012 and 13.04.2013) in the upper 2–3-cm layer of suspension and in surface water were investigated. The ranges of salinity and water temperature were 27–32 g per L and +28…+31 °C, respectively. Microalgae species composition was determined in water preparations using Axioskop 40 (Carl Zeiss) light microscope at magnification of 10×40 with software AxioVision Rel. 4.6. Totally 16 taxa were found: Cyanobacteria (1), Dinophyta (2), Bacillariophyta (6), and Euglenophyta (7). Of these, cyanobacteria Chamaecalyx swirenkoi (Schirshov) Komárek et Anagnostidis, 1986 was found by us in the mud volcano in August 2012. Pennate species of diatoms were also identified – single living (of genera Cylindrotheca (Ehrenberg) Reimann & J. C. Lewin, Lyrella Karajeva, and Nitzschia Hassall) and colonial species (of genera Berkeleya Greville and Pseudo-nitzschia H. Peragallo). The brackish-water, benthic, boreal-tropical species Nitzschia thermaloides Hustedt was recorded for the algal flora of Crimea, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov for the first time. Euglenophytes were also found in the samples – 5 species of the genus Trachelomonas Ehrenberg and 2 species of the genus Strombomonas Deflandre. Of all the species found in the mud volcano ecotope, 7 species are common for the Black Sea, and 9 species, including 3 euglenophytes, are common for the Sea of Azov. It is shown that by characteristics of halobility, species found in the mud volcano belong to freshwater complex (53 %), with a significant share of marine (27 %) and brackish-water (20 %) species. Of the phytogeographic flora elements, boreal species make up 33 %, boreal-tropical – 47 %, and cosmopolites – 20 %. Three species of potentially toxic algae are recorded: diatom Pseudo-nitzschia prolongatoides (Hasle) Hasle, 1993, as well as dinophytes Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) Dodge, 1975 and Alexandrium tamiyavanichii Balech, 1994. The last species is marine, boreal-tropical, and new to the algology of Crimea, the Black Sea, and the Sea of Azov. In the article, own and literary data on morphology, ecology, and phytogeography of species, as well as on their general distribution in different waterbodies of the world, are also presented. Some microalgae species are indicators of saprobity; they are able to participate in purification of water from organic substances. Photos of mud volcanoes and micrographs of some species are presented.

Geographic variation of skeletal ontogeny and skull shape in the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 869-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Galatius ◽  
P.E. Gol’din
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sea Of Azov ◽  
Phocoena Phocoena ◽  
Skull Shape ◽  
The Sea Of Azov ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Harbor Porpoises

All extant porpoise species show paedomorphic skeletal traits. These traits are hypothesized to be connected with rapid growth to reproductive size and could thus show geographic variation according to ecological circumstances. To investigate this, skeletal ontogeny was compared among harbour porpoises from California, West Greenland, the inner Danish waters, and the Sea of Azov. Porpoises from California grew to larger sizes than Danish porpoises, which were again larger than Greenlandic porpoises, whereas Azov porpoises were smallest. Size differences were largely attributable to differences in timing of offset of growth. Expression of paedomorphosis followed the same pattern among populations and sexes as adult sizes; Californian porpoises were less paedomorphic than the other populations across all assessed traits, whereas porpoises from Azov were the most paedomorphic. We propose that the larger size and less profound paedomorphism seen in Californian porpoises are attributable to fluctuation of prey availability, owing to variation in upwelling on which productivity in Californian waters depends. Skull shapes after correction for allometry were significantly different among all populations, Sea of Azov porpoises being most divergent. There was no overlap of skull shapes between the Atlantic, the Pacific, and Azov, supporting the current division of harbor porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena (L., 1758)) into three subspecies ( Phocoena phocoena phocoena (L., 1758), Phocoena phocoena relicta Abel, 1905, and Phocoena phocoena vomerina Gill, 1865).

scholarly journals “Snake” by D.H. Lawrence in a Buddhist Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
EA Gamini Fonseka
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
The Buddha

Snake is a reptile, very much respected in many cultures throughout the world, depending on what species it is. Ornate snake sculptures in Sri Lanka, India, England, China, Greece, Rome, Egypt, Africa, America, Australia, etc. (Steel, 2021) are evidence of the respect the reptile earned in most of the ancient civilisations by becoming a seminal influence in the mythologies, folklores, beliefs, values, morals, rituals, and arts that have evolved in them. Coming from a Western Christian elite socio-cultural background, D.H. Lawrence gets fascinated by the asp rattler that he meets in Sicily in 1920, and in a while tries to kill it under the influence of his zoological knowledge and the warnings he has had on the deadliness of its venom. Later he feels relieved that his attack did not hurt the snake and yet regrets his being indecent to the creature. Lawrence’s delayed realisation of the snake’s right to existence tallies the example of unreserved compassion towards life, irrespective of what species it is, the Buddha sets during his two famous encounters with lethal snakes. Unlike Lawrence’s silent snake, one of the two snakes the Buddha encounters protects him from the rain, and the other vertically challenges him, spraying his deadly venom at him. Nevertheless, the Buddha’s only reaction to them both is to unveil his compassion indiscriminately. Unlike Lawrence, he concludes both encounters without regret. Taking the respective behaviours of Lawrence and the Buddha in the presence of snakes, this paper proposes that, in preventing regret, while managing interactions with other forms of life, compassion inspired by spirituality transcends all other emotions engendered by fascination and apprehension that are part and parcel of Lawrence’s religion, “flesh and blood”

Reginald of Durham and Saint Godric of Finchale: Learning and Religion on a Personal Level

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Victoria Tudor
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
Monastic Education ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

In terms of their achievements in the field of learning, Reginald of Durham and saint Godric of Finchale present an enormous contrast. Reginald was a monk of the powerful and wealthy community of Durham and also, naturally enough in the second half of the twelfth century, a priest. As such he was the product of a formal monastic education. He was especially favoured, in addition, because the house which moulded him was at that time passing through a phase when letters flourished to a greater extent than at any other period in its history. Godric, on the other hand, was never anything but a layman. He earned a living as a pedlar and merchant first of all and only later decided to abandon the world and lead the eremitic life. His contacts with learning were thus tenuous at best. Both Reginald and Godric were trying, however, to achieve the same ideal: to live the religious life, and for some years in the third decade of the twelfth century circumstances led them to follow their vocations in close contact with one another. Students of this period are fortunate in having some insight into the relationship that developed between them. In particular one can isolate the part played in the relationship by learning or, more precisely, by Reginald’s substantial education and the hermit’s lack of it.

scholarly journals Bridging Hmong/Miao, Extending Miaojiang: Divided Space, Translocal Contacts, and the Imagination of Hmongland

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Weidong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Southwest China ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Southeast Asian Countries

AbstractOver the past several decades, the Hmong communities scattered around the world and their co-ethnic Miao ethnic group in China came into close contact. This paper explores the nature and dynamics of this encounter as well as the connections and ties that have been rediscovered and reestablished between the Hmong in diaspora and the Miao in China, two groups long separated by time and distance, and the impact and implications this entails. Based on three-month fieldwork in the Hmong/Miao communities across Southwest China and Southeast Asia, this paper examines the ever increasing movement of people and materials, as well as symbolic flows on the one hand, and connections and linkages between different localities on the other hand. It discusses how this new fast-changing development contributes to a new translocal imagination of Hmong community, re-territorialization of a new continuous Hmong space, a Hmongland encompassing Southwest provinces of China and northern part of Southeast Asian countries, and what it means to the Hmong/Miao people in the region. It further discusses how the emerging translocal imagination of the Hmong/Miao community will produce unique translocal subjects and how it interacts with the nation-states they belong to.

scholarly journals Land, Space, and People: Constraints of the Capitalist World-Economy

2012 ◽  
pp. 6-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Immanuel Wallerstein
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Important Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The World ◽  
Capitalist World Economy ◽  
Capitalist World

The coming into existence of the capitalist world-economy created new constraints on utilizingthe land for productive purposes. The single most important change is that it established asystematic legal basis for what is called title to the land. Title to the land is fundamentally apolitical question masked by a legal veneer. The amount of land that is governed by title is, eventoday, not 100% of the global land surface. But it has grown as a percentage of the total globalland surface throughout the history of the modern world-system. Population growth has led totwo forms of expansion. There is extensive growth, the bringing of more and more land areasinto the system of titled land. But there is also intensive growth, the ever greater concentration ofthe population of the world into close-contact areas. We call this urbanization. The world leftfaces a fundamental dilemma. On the one hand, the world left has stood for measures that wouldreduce the enormous real north-south gap. On the other hand, the world left (or at least agrowing portion of it) is standing against further commodification of land rights and furtherecological degradation of the world. The two strategies are contradictory and incompatible onewith the other. Land rights stand as the crucial deciding point.

scholarly journals New result on the history of the Azov Sea in the Holocene

2019 ◽  
Vol 489 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-194
Author(s):  
G. G. Matishov ◽  
V. V. Polshin
Keyword(s):  
World Ocean ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Sea Of Azov ◽  
The Sea Of Azov ◽  
Level Increase ◽  
Ocean Level ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Current Water ◽  
World Ocean Level

The paper analyzes the results of integrated studies, obtained in the recent years, of bottom sediments and coastal transects in the Sea of Azov. The changes of natural conditions, taking place in its sea basin during the last 20 thousand years, are coordinated with the chronology of the World Ocean level fluctuations. The stages of the sea level increase, caused by the glacier shields melting, are considered. Due to the fact, it is noted that the change of the level of the World Ocean made a decisive impact on the formation of the Sea of Azov current water area conditions.

scholarly journals Two Rare Canons to John the Baptist

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 7-33
Author(s):  
Iulia G. Fefelova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
State Archive ◽  
National Library ◽  
John The Baptist ◽  
Russian State

The article presents a study and a publication of two rare canons to John the Baptist. The canon with the opening words “Plodonosen tsvetets” (“A fertile flower ”) is known in two versions. One of them is found in two fourteenth-century manuscripts located in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (Fonds 381, Nos. 114 and 116). The other survived in just one copy – a seventeenth-century manuscript in the Kirillo-Belozerskoe collection (No. 232/489) in the National Library of Russia. This version is peculiar in that it is a combination of the original troparia of this canon and the troparia borrowed from the canon “Molchanie starche” (“Elder’s silence”), which the Studite typikon assigned to the Afterfeast of the Nativity of the Forerunner. The second canon, which according to its character can be called “rejoicing”, is known from the only manuscript of a sixteenth-century psalter in the Solovetskoe collection (No. 762/872) in the National Library of Russia. It consists of common greetings – the anaphoric chairetismoi.

Indonesian Literature’s Position in World Literature

TEKNOSASTIK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Dina Amelia
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
National Literature ◽  
Western World ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Voice

There are two most inevitable issues on national literature, in this case Indonesian literature. First is the translation and the second is the standard of world literature. Can one speak for the other as a representative? Why is this representation matter? Does translation embody the voice of the represented? Without translation Indonesian literature cannot gain its recognition in world literature, yet, translation conveys the voice of other. In the case of production, publication, or distribution of Indonesian Literature to the world, translation works can be very beneficial. The position of Indonesian literature is as a part of world literature. The concept that the Western world should be the one who represent the subaltern can be overcome as long as the subaltern performs as the active speaker. If the subaltern remains silent then it means it allows the “representation” by the Western.

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