Virtual Care Technologies, Wearable Health Monitoring Sensors, and Internet of Medical Things-based Smart Disease Surveillance Systems in the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 118
Keyword(s):  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Virtual Care ◽  
Internet Of Medical Things

scholarly journals Secure Encapsulation Schemes Using Key Recovery System in IoMT Environments

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3474
Author(s):  
Taehoon Kim ◽  
Wonbin Kim ◽  
Daehee Seo ◽  
Imyeong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Key Recovery ◽  
Collusion Attacks ◽  
Malicious User ◽  
Systems Security ◽  
Recovery System ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Internet Of Medical Things ◽  
Gain Access

Recently, as Internet of Things systems have been introduced to facilitate diagnosis and treatment in healthcare and medical environments, there are many issues concerning threats to these systems’ security. For instance, if a key used for encryption is lost or corrupted, then ciphertexts produced with this key cannot be decrypted any more. Hence, this paper presents two schemes for key recovery systems that can recover the lost or the corrupted keys of an Internet of Medical Things. In our proposal, when the key used for the ciphertext is needed, this key is obtained from a Key Recovery Field present in the cyphertext. Thus, the recovered key will allow decrypting the ciphertext. However, there are threats to this proposal, including the case of the Key Recovery Field being forged or altered by a malicious user and the possibility of collusion among participating entities (Medical Institution, Key Recovery Auditor, and Key Recovery Center) which can interpret the Key Recovery Field and abuse their authority to gain access to the data. To prevent these threats, two schemes are proposed. The first one enhances the security of a multi-agent key recovery system by providing the Key Recovery Field with efficient integrity and non-repudiation functions, and the second one provides a proxy re-encryption function resistant to collusion attacks against the key recovery system.

scholarly journals Digital epidemiology and global health security; an interdisciplinary conversation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Eckmanns ◽  
Henning Füller ◽  
Stephen L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Global Health Security ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Infectious Disease Surveillance ◽  
Digital Epidemiology ◽  
Perception Of Health

Contemporary infectious disease surveillance systems aim to employ the speed and scope of big data in an attempt to provide global health security. Both shifts - the perception of health problems through the framework of global health security and the corresponding technological approaches – imply epistemological changes, methodological ambivalences as well as manifold societal effects. Bringing current findings from social sciences and public health praxis into a dialogue, this conversation style contribution points out several broader implications of changing disease surveillance. The conversation covers epidemiological issues such as the shift from expert knowledge to algorithmic knowledge, the securitization of global health, and the construction of new kinds of threats. Those developments are detailed and discussed in their impacts for health provision in a broader sense.

scholarly journals Australian National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory annual report, 2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason A Roberts ◽  
Linda K Hobday ◽  
Aishah Ibrahim ◽  
Bruce R Thorley
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Performance Criterion ◽  
World Health ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Disease Surveillance System ◽  
Enterovirus A71 ◽  
Clinical Surveillance ◽  
Health Organization

Australia monitors its polio-free status by conducting surveillance for cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children less than 15 years of age, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Cases of AFP in children are notified to the Australian Paediatric Surveillance Unit or the Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance System and faecal specimens are referred for virological investigation to the National Enterovirus Reference Laboratory. In 2017, no cases of poliomyelitis were reported from clinical surveillance and Australia reported 1.33 non-polio AFP cases per 100,000 children, meeting the WHO performance criterion for a sensitive surveillance system. Three non-polio enteroviruses, coxsackievirus B1, echovirus 11 and enterovirus A71, were identified from clinical specimens collected from AFP cases. Australia established enterovirus and environmental surveillance systems to complement the clinical system focussed on children and an ambiguous vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 was isolated from sewage in Melbourne. In 2017, 22 cases of wild polio were reported with three countries remaining endemic: Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan.

scholarly journals Investigating the Impact of Asymptomatic Carriers on COVID-19 Transmission

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob B. Aguilar ◽  
Jeremy Samuel Faust ◽  
Lauren M. Westafer ◽  
Juan B. Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Average Case ◽  
Asymptomatic Carriers ◽  
The Impact

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel human respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Asymptomatic carriers of the virus display no clinical symptoms but are known to be contagious. Recent evidence reveals that this sub-population, as well as persons with mild disease, are a major contributor in the propagation of COVID-19. The asymptomatic sub-population frequently escapes detection by public health surveillance systems. Because of this, the currently accepted estimates of the basic reproduction number (ℛ0) of the disease are inaccurate. It is unlikely that a pathogen can blanket the planet in three months with an ℛ0 in the vicinity of 3, as reported in the literature (1–6). In this manuscript, we present a mathematical model taking into account asymptomatic carriers. Our results indicate that an initial value of the effective reproduction number could range from 5.5 to 25.4, with a point estimate of 15.4, assuming mean parameters. The first three weeks of the model exhibit exponential growth, which is in agreement with average case data collected from thirteen countries with universal health care and robust communicable disease surveillance systems; the average rate of growth in the number of reported cases is 23.3% per day during this period.

scholarly journals National surveillance capacity of water-related diseases in the WHO European Region

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 752-762
Author(s):  
M. Blasi ◽  
M. Carere ◽  
E. Funari
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
European Region ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Related Disease

Water-related diseases continue to cause a high burden of mortality and morbidity in the countries of the European Region. Parties to the Protocol on Water and Health are committed to the sustainable use of water resources, the provision of safe drinking water and adequate sanitation to all people of the European Region, and to the reduction of the burden of water-related diseases. A specialized Task Force is implementing a work plan aimed at strengthening the capacity for water-related disease surveillance, outbreak detection and contingency planning. Parties to the Protocol are obliged to set targets, and report on progress on water-related disease surveillance. The present paper aims to provide a baseline assessment of national capacities for water-related disease surveillance on the basis of the replies to a questionnaire. This was prepared in English and Russian and administered to 53 countries, 15 of which replied. The results confirm the heterogeneity in surveillance systems, the weakness of many countries to adequately survey emerging water-related diseases, and the need for specific remedial action. The findings of the exercise will form the basis for future action under the Protocol on Water and Health.

scholarly journals Smart Sanitation—Biosensors as a Public Health Tool in Sanitation Infrastructure

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (14) ◽  
pp. 5146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Rary ◽  
Sarah M. Anderson ◽  
Brandon D. Philbrick ◽  
Tanvi Suresh ◽  
Jasmine Burton
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Emergent Technologies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sanitation Infrastructure

The health of individuals and communities is more interconnected than ever, and emergent technologies have the potential to improve public health monitoring at both the community and individual level. A systematic literature review of peer-reviewed and gray literature from 2000-present was conducted on the use of biosensors in sanitation infrastructure (such as toilets, sewage pipes and septic tanks) to assess individual and population health. 21 relevant papers were identified using PubMed, Embase, Global Health, CDC Stacks and NexisUni databases and a reflexive thematic analysis was conducted. Biosensors are being developed for a range of uses including monitoring illicit drug usage in communities, screening for viruses and diagnosing conditions such as diabetes. Most studies were nonrandomized, small-scale pilot or lab studies. Of the sanitation-related biosensors found in the literature, 11 gathered population-level data, seven provided real-time continuous data and 14 were noted to be more cost-effective than traditional surveillance methods. The most commonly discussed strength of these technologies was their ability to conduct rapid, on-site analysis. The findings demonstrate the potential of this emerging technology and the concept of Smart Sanitation to enhance health monitoring at the individual level (for diagnostics) as well as at the community level (for disease surveillance).

Evaluating Chronic Disease Surveillance Systems: Lessons Learned From Applying a Framework to Assess the Alaska Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 420-431
Author(s):  
Katie Cueva ◽  
Andrea Fenaughty ◽  
Jessica Aulasa Liendo ◽  
Samantha Hyde-Rolland
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factor ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance ◽  
Risk Factor Surveillance

Chronic diseases with behavioral risk factors are now the leading causes of death in the United States. A national Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) monitors those risk factors; however, there is a need for national and state evaluations of chronic disease surveillance systems. The Department of Health and Human Services/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed a framework on evaluating noncommunicable disease–related surveillance systems; however, no implementation of this framework has yet been published. This article describes the process of, and offers lessons learned from, implementing the evaluation framework to assess the Alaska BRFSS. This implementation evaluation may inform assessments of other state and regional chronic disease surveillance systems and offers insight on the positive potential to consult key stakeholders to guide evaluation priorities.

scholarly journals Heuristic Evaluation of an IoMT System for Remote Health Monitoring in Senior Care

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro C. Santana-Mancilla ◽  
Luis E. Anido-Rifón ◽  
Juan Contreras-Castillo ◽  
Raymundo Buenrostro-Mariscal
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Health Monitoring ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Heuristic Evaluation ◽  
Remote Health Monitoring ◽  
Usability Assessment ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Internet Of Medical Things ◽  
Remote Health

This paper presents the usability assessment of the design of an Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) system for older adults; the evaluation, using heuristics, was held early on the design process to assess potential problems with the system and was found to be an efficient method to find issues with the application design and led to significant usability improvements on the IoMT platform.

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