scholarly journals Reducing the Rural-Urban Social Inequality: Chinese and Russian Comparative Experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
O. A. Antoncheva ◽  
T. E. Apanasenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
The Self ◽  
Urban Inequality ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Income ◽  
Economic Balance ◽  
Direct Measures

Rural-urban social inequality in Russia is evident. Russian public opinion proposes to reduce the rural-urban income gap, both within the framework of the self-regulating market paradigm, reflected in public programmes, and within the planned command economy framework. In the same ways it proposes to achieve an inter-regional socio-economic balance.The People’s Republic of China (PRC) also faces the problem of reducing rural-urban social inequality. It looks as if it is trying to solve the problem by applying direct measures that can even reverse the processes of urbanization.This article proposes to analyze and adopt the most effective ways of reducing rural-urban inequality, as practiced in China. It is also possible to incorporate in the Chinese state’s management of social processes the methods of reduction of inequality between rural and urban populations, created by the dirigiste trends of Russian public thought, since the socio-economic system of the PRC readily assimilates elements of the planned economy. 

scholarly journals Reducing Rural-Urban Social Inequality: Chinese and Russian Comparative Experience

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
O. A. Antoncheva ◽  
T. E. Apanasenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
The Self ◽  
Urban Inequality ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Income ◽  
Economic Balance ◽  
Direct Measures

Rural-urban social inequality in Russia is evident. Russian public opinion proposes to reduce the rural-urban income gap, both within the framework of the self-regulating market paradigm, reflected in public programmes, and within the planned command economy framework. In the same ways it proposes to achieve an inter-regional socio-economic balance.The People’s Republic of China (PRC) also faces the problem of reducing rural-urban social inequality. It looks as if it is trying to solve the problem by applying direct measures that can even reverse the processes of urbanization.This article proposes to analyze and adopt the most effective ways of reducing rural-urban inequality, as practiced in China. It is also possible to incorporate in the Chinese state’s management of social processes the methods of reduction of inequality between rural and urban populations, created by the dirigiste trends of Russian public thought, since the socio-economic system of the PRC readily assimilates elements of the planned economy.

Costs and Benefits of Urbanization

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-78
Author(s):  
Kala S. Sridhar
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Urban Income ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Urbanization has both benefits and costs. This chapter summarizes research findings on how urbanization enhances productivity and economic growth in both rural and urban sectors, taking the case of India. It studies the relationship between urbanization and growth. Based on extensive data analyses of urbanization, it finds no impact of urban–rural inequalities on urbanization, but significant impact on the population of the largest city in the state. When accounting for the two-way relationship between urbanization and the rural–urban income ratio, it finds that urbanization increases urban–rural inequalities initially, but at higher levels reduces them. Urbanization benefits rural development since the chapter finds that it has a positive impact on increasing the rural–urban income ratio, and the evidence regarding remittances. Policy implications regarding telecommuting and investments in urban infrastructure are summarized. Lessons from India and the People’s Republic of China for each other’s urbanization are discussed.

Egypt's rural–urban income disparity: is the gap diverging?

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba Ezzeldin Helmy
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban Income ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

Although some studies have attempted to assess the rural–urban income gap in the 1960s and 1970s, no study has focused on the evolution of the gap over the past 25 years, let alone the evolution in the real differences in per capita income between the rural sector and the urban one. The objective of this study is to fill the gap in the literature on this topic and to appraise the development in the gap – in nominal and real terms – both on the aggregate per capita rural and urban income levels and in different expenditure size classes from 1981 till 2005, a period which witnessed a revolution in the agricultural policies from intensive government intervention to complete liberalization. The results of the study prove that the gap diverged again from 1994 to 2005 after converging from 1981 to 1994. The study also proves that the gap is more apparent in the middle classes rather than the lower ones. Finally, with respect to food consumption the study concluded that a slight gap may exist in favour of rural – and not urban – Egypt.

scholarly journals Rural - urban income gap and labour market in Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 95 ◽  
pp. 01003
Author(s):  
Irina Băncescu
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Reverse Flow ◽  
Income Effect ◽  
Gap Effect ◽  
Migration Flow ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Urban Income

Rural – urban income gap is an important social-economic development indicator for a society. A large rural - urban income gap within a society reveals a split of it into two distinct societies, one extremely poor compared to the other. In Romania, almost half of the resident population lives in rural areas (46.02% in 2019), while the urban-rural migration flow is higher than the traditional reverse flow since 1997. However, the country is characterized by regional economic disparities, Bucharest-Ilfov region being the most economically developed. Labour market in rural areas is underdeveloped, rural population being highly depended on subsistence agriculture. Furthermore, rural areas have a low level of income and living standards. In this paper, we analysis the rural-urban labour market dynamics and rural-urban income gap using a LMDI (logarithmic mean Divisia index) decomposition for 2005-2019 period. Factors such as income gap effect and structural rural income effect are considered. Results show that the total urban–rural income gap has decreased with 8.91%, while structural rural income effect contributed with an increase of only 0.63%, the income gap effect (of different employed population groups) being of -9.49%.

State Schemes or Safety Nets? China's Push for Universal Coverage

Daedalus ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Frazier
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Safety Nets ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Expenditures

After rapid changes in social policy and increases in social expenditures over the past five years, many of the uniformly negative assessments of China's record on health care, retirement pensions, and other forms of social security have to be reconsidered. This article examines the rapid expansion in social policy coverage and spending, and considers the possible significance of these changes for Chinese politics. The administrative and territorial categories that have defined access to social welfare provision over the history of the People's Republic of China have not yet receded, but their significance has diminished with programs that create uniform eligibility across rural and urban categories of citizenship. Large gaps in benefits remain, and are likely to generate political demands in the future as urbanization continues to erode the administrative distinctions between urban and rural.

The Process of Primary Desistance From Intimate Partner Violence

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 843-875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Walker ◽  
Erica Bowen ◽  
Sarah Brown ◽  
Emma Sleath
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
The Self ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Subjective Change ◽  
Supportive Environment ◽  
Structure And Agency

This study examined the interaction between structure and agency for individuals in the first or early phase of primary desistance (1 year offending free) from intimate partner violence (IPV). Narrative accounts of perpetrators, survivors, and IPV program facilitators were analyzed using Thematic Analysis. Changes in the self and the contexts, structures, and conditions were necessary to promote desistance. Perpetrators made behavioral and cognitive changes taking on different identities (agentic role) by removing external stressors and instability within the confines of a supportive environment (structural role). Findings provide a theoretical framework of desistance from IPV that integrates social processes and subjective change.

Sino-Vatican Diplomatic Relations: Problems and Prospects

1989 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 814-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Chan
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Holy See ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Prior Approval ◽  
The Status ◽  
Major Factors

The China Quarterly Two major factors have continued to impair diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Vatican, namely, the so-called “two-China” problem and the independence issue. China regards the Vatican’s diplomatic relations with Taiwan as an infringement of her sovereignty, and insists they are terminated prior to her consideration of a resumption of relations (broken off in 1958) with the Holy See. The Vatican is now the only state in Europe to maintain diplomatic links with Taiwan. Moreover, the Chinese Catholic Church wishes to remain independent of the Pope in Rome. This issue is manifested in the “self-consecration” of bishops in China without seeking the Pope’s prior approval. The “two-China” problem is basically a political and diplomatic one whereas the independence issue has religious as well as political implications. Both China and the Vatican recognize the existence of these two areas of dispute but they differ in their approach towards achieving a possible resolution. China demands that the Vatican should take steps to solve the “two-China” problem before China is ready to discuss the independence question, whereas the Vatican expects China to concede on the latter point first by acknowledging the Pope as the head of the universal Church, before proceeding to discuss other matters, including the status of the Vatican’s diplomatic ties with Taiwan. These different approaches lead to the present stalemate. Each side is expecting the other to take the initiative to overcome the apparent deadlock.

Discourse Analysis as a Qualitative Methodology

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-21
Author(s):  
Joseph Zajda
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
The Self ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Behaviour

The article analyses the term discourse and discourse analysis with reference to Foucault and other critics. Foucault used the role of discourses in wider social processes of legitimating power, and emphasizing the construction of current truths. The article argues that discourse analysis, as employed by Foucault, concentrated on analysing power relationships in society, as expressed through language and social practices. The article examines the use of genealogy, where Foucault attempted to trace the beginnings of internalised moral behaviour, or a reflexive relation to the self in human beings. Examples are presented of various approaches to discourse analysis, including deconstruction and preferred reading and interpretation of the text. The article concludes with the evaluation of discourse analysis as a qualitative methodology.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document